Esther Scroll

The scroll is divided into nineteen columns of text surrounded by illustrations. At the top of every other column is a familiar allegorical figure alongside a biblical verse; at the bottom of the columns are scenes from the Book of Esther. Each set of these three elements emphasizes a different moral virtue. Thus, at the top of the first column is a figure identified with moderation and victory over the evil inclination, alongside the verse: "If you find honey, eat only what you need" (Prov 25:16), while at the bottom of the text is a depiction of Ahasuerus's banquet.

The design of the allegorical figures was influenced by Cesare Ripa's allegorical book, published in Rome in 1593 – a book that was highly popular among both Christian and Jewish artists.

Credit: Loan from Judy and Michael Steinhardt, New York