Fragment of an Engraved Gem

Understanding the political importance of the royal portrait, Alexander the Great created a distinctive representation distinguished by his long, flowing, leonine hairstyle. Although he died in 323 B.C., portraits of him remained popular for centuries, especially in the early Roman Empire.

The first Roman emperor, Augustus, encouraged comparisons between himself and Alexander, his most powerful predecessor. In common with the Hellenistic rulers who proceeded him, Augustus exploited this connection to symbolically emphasize his legitimacy and right to rule. Thus, Alexander portraits such as this Roman carved gem were popular during his reign. Augustus even used a signet ring with a portrait of Alexander to seal official documents. Augustus's successors likewise encouraged Alexander imagery.