Almagestum novum

The Italian astronomer, Jesuit Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598-1671) gave a comprehensive overview of the astronomy of his time in his New Almagest. In the text, he gives an unbiased overview of the models of the universe and the recent astronomical discoveries of Galileo and Kepler. However, the engraving of the book's frontispiece is not unbiased, as it "weighs" the astronomical models and favours the author's model. The latter, however, was a dead end in the knowledge of the universe, as it developed through the model of Nicolaus Copernicus refined by Johannes Kepler.