Cockatoo and pomegranate.

Japanese <em>Kachō-e</em> ‘bird-and-flower pictures’ offered print lovers a charming antidote to the melodrama of <em>kabuki-e.</em> Early <em>kachō-e</em> drew on Chinese conventions and "aimed to capture the spirit of nature in connection with the seasons, poetic allusions, or religious values". Bird images often conveyed symbolic meanings – <em>tsuru</em>, the crane, for example, was associated with longevity. By the 20th century, the simpler pleasures of enjoying intimate views of nature had somewhat supplanted these metaphoric associations.
Ohara Shōson (1877-1945), the most celebrated of <em>shin-hanga</em> ('new print') <em>kachō-e</em> artists, is reputed to have designed over 450 bird compositions. Under the name Koson, he had trained in <em>Nihonga</em> Japanese-style painting, specialising in the naturalistic modes of the Maruyama-Shijō school. He found early employment designing <em>senso-e</em> triptychs of the Russo-Japanese War. Subsequently, however, he specialised in intimate <em>shin-hanga</em> views of birds in their natural settings.

Delicate watercolour washes clearly distinguish Shōson’s naturalist style from idioms of contemporary <em>kachō-e</em> designers, and account for his popularity in Japan and in the West. That delicacy challenged the skills of his craftsmen, and Shōson found favour with the best. Works published by Akiyama Buemon (Kokkeidō) and Matsuki Heikichi (Daikokuya) and signed Koson were "principally destined for the foreign market". He changed his name to Shōson from 1912, and used it from around 1923 in his work with the pre-eminent <em>shin-hanga</em> publisher Watanabe Shōzaburō. All five bird prints currently in Te Papa's collection are signed and sealed Shōson, and also bear Watanabe’s small circular seal.

Most of Shōson’s works are distinguished by their quiet understatement. Some, however, were more dramatic, such as his <em>Eagle in flight against a snowy sky</em> (Te Papa 2016-0008-27).  But others in turn were supplanted by gentle humour and decorative delight. Shōson’s <em>Cockatoo and Pomegranate</em>, one a series of cockatoo compositions, introduced daring figure-ground contrasts rarely seen since the early innovations of Suzuki Harunobu. This woodblock print for all the world looks like a painting on silk! It was exhibited in the 1933 Warsaw International Print Exhibition, and subsequently adapted for an enamel advertising sign.

Sources:

David Bell, 'A new vision: modern Japanese prints from the Heriot collection', <em>Tuhinga</em>, 31 (2020), forthcoming.

A. Newland, J. Perrée and R. Schaap, <em>Cows, cranes & camellias: the natural world of Ohara Koson</em> 1877-1945 (Leiden, 2001).

Dr Mark Stocker  Curator, Historical International Art    May 2019