Maritime Culture on Indonesian Rock Art

From the earliest of rock art to the Austronesian culture

Two human figures and boat motif at Ris Atot site, West Papua (2021) by Adhi Agus OktavianaArchaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization

Geographically and historically Sulawesi is surrounded by oceans. On land, bays, lakes and rivers are abundant.  The island of Sulawesi was formed 1.8 million years ago and is thought to be the main migration route for pre-Austronesian.

Rock art panel depicting boat, human figures riding a horses at Kabori Cave, Southeast Sulawesi (2015) by Adhi Agus OktavianaArchaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization

There are over 60 recorded images of boats in different shapes and sizes found in 22 different sites in Borneo, Sulawesi, Mollucas, Papua, Flores, Timor Leste and Malaysia.

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The dug out canoe on Leang Sumpang Bita

This dugout canoe is possible as the earliest of water transportation since we know the dating of animal figures and hand stencils in the Maros-Pangkep region, which dated back to 45.5 kyr until 17 kyr.

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There are also ballooned shaped boars. What do you think could be the story here?

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Boats on Liang Metanduno

There are seven drawings of boats found on Liang Metanduno. Drawn using ochre. All of the boats have multiple human figures on the boat with rows.

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Liang Kabori

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Two single mast boats at Kabori Cave, Southeast Sulawesi (2015) by Adhi Agus OktavianaArchaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization

The seafaring boats

Those two boats are using rudders for rowing boats and a single mast. This type of water transportation is more advanced than boats using paddles.

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Liang Kaghofighofine

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Liang Maarewu

A number of marine animals dominates rock art drawn in Mollucas and Papua.

Marine fauna and hand stencils depicted at Leang Bulu Sipong 2, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, 2017-09, From the collection of: Archaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization
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Marine fauna and hand stencils depicted at Bulu Sipong 2, Maros, South Sulawesi, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, 2017-09, From the collection of: Archaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization
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Drawing of fish between hand stencils in Misool, Papua, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, Ryan Sebastian, From the collection of: Archaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization
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Great trevally fish at rock shelter Fakfak, West Papua, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, 2021-08, From the collection of: Archaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization
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Fish stencil from Tapuraramo cliff, West Papua, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, 2021-08, From the collection of: Archaeological, Language and Literature Research Organization
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