Material World

The material technology of Elephanta, from basalt rock carvings to metal coins and copper thals, reflects the island’s historical and cultural richness.

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS) in Mumbai is one of India's premier museums, housing an extensive collection of art, archaeology, and cultural heritage.  CSMVS houses significant artifacts from Elephanta, reflecting its artistic and religious heritage.

Notable pieces include a Trivikrama torso, a rare four-headed Brahma, and a Mahishasuramardini fragment, showcasing intricate craftsmanship.

Other objects include a Lajjagauri plaque, terracotta potsherds with elephant motifs, metal artefacts like thals (plates) and handas (pots) and an 1834–38 steel engraving by Robert Brandard, depicting the Elephanta Caves, offering a historical view of the site’s legacy.

Basalt’s hardness posed challenges for sculptors, requiring the use of iron tools such as chisels and hammers to carve detailed reliefs. The unfinished portions of some caves suggest that artisans likely faced difficulties due to the stone’s density and natural fractures.

Despite this, the completed sculptures, including the famous Trimūrti, demonstrate a mastery of stone-carving techniques that have stood the test of time.

Numerous coins have been discovered on Elephanta Island, offering insights into the region’s economic and trade history. These coins, primarily made of copper, lead, and silver, date back to the Satavahana, Kalachuri, and Konkan Maurya periods. The presence of these coins indicates Elephanta’s connection to broader trade networks, as the island was strategically located along maritime routes.

One distinct feature of some coins is the ship motif, suggesting the significance of naval trade. The discovery of lead coins further supports the idea of Elephanta being part of commercial exchanges, as lead was commonly used for lower-denomination currency in coastal trade. The coins also reflect evolving metallurgical techniques, showcasing different minting styles and inscriptions that provide valuable historical records of ruling dynasties.

In addition to stone and coins, copper thals (plates) and other metal artefacts have been found on Elephanta Island. Copper thals were likely used in religious rituals and temple offerings, serving as sacred vessels for food and ceremonial items.

Such artefacts suggest that Elephanta was not just a religious site but also an active centre of cultural and spiritual life.

The use of copper in religious artifacts aligns with ancient Indian traditions, where metals like copper and bronze were considered auspicious.

The craftsmanship of these objects highlights early metallurgical skills, as artisans were able to shape and engrave detailed patterns onto the plates. These artefacts provide a glimpse into the daily and ritualistic practices of the people who once inhabited or visited the island.