Signs of the Future

Divination in Europe

Blick in die Sonderausstellung "Zeichen der Zukunft"Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

Humanity has been wondering about the future for millennia, and has thought up ever new ways of obtaining knowledge of what is to come. Particularly important are those methods of predicting the future that call on the help of higher powers - the "divination".

Nemesis, or The Great Fortune (around 1501) by Albrecht DuererGermanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

"The Great Fortune" balances surprisingly serenely on the globe of fate. Duerer's copperplate depict the idea of fragile, inconstant fortune, which can change suddenly from one moment to the next.

The bridle symbolizes reining in the rash and punishment of evil deeds.

The goblet represents a reward for good deeds.

The figure is balancing on a sphere, which is a symbol for the fickle nature of fortune.

Blick in die Sonderausstellung "Zeichen der Zukunft"Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

If higher powers control what is to come, they are also the best source of information about the future and the unknown. In Europe this belief is closely tied to the three religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Joseph Interpreting the Pharaoh’s Dream (around 1540/50) by unknownGermanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

The Old Testament knows the story of Joseph interpreting the pharaoh's dreams.

The interpretation of dreams is a common method. The messages from higher powers are usually cryptic und vague. There is therefore plenty of scope for different interpretations and decisions.

Seven lean cows devouring seven fat cows.

Seven withered ears of grain devouring seven golden years.

Miraculous Sign over Waldeck Castle (1554) by Hans GlaserGermanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

Signs are all around us: from the stars in the firmament to the lines of a hand.

In 1554 a celestial phenomenon observed above Waldeck Castle in the Upper Palatinate left many people mystified. The broadsheet interprets the phenomenon as a fight between two men with flaming swords. Today, we think what they saw was the Northern Lights.

The Astrolabe of Ahmad Ibn Muhammad al-Naqqash (1079/80) by Ahmad ibn Muhammah Al-NaqqashGermanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

In astrology, the movements of the celestial bodies are studied with scientific accuracy to make predictions about future opportunities and risks.

Celestial Globe (1715) by Johann Ludwig AndreaeGermanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

Celestial globes were common in the 16th and 17th centuries. The stars were drawn on them as if they were located on a glass sphere surrounding the Earth all at the same distance.

The Card Layer (1818) by Matthaeus Loder (artist), Joseph Stoeber (etcher)Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

Fortune-telling runs through all layers of society. Some won great influence and renown. Others, often women, were on the fringes of society, derided as frauds and charlatans, their customers as "fools".

Seated in a Biedermeier salon swathed in a fur-trimmed dressing gown is the card layer.
Her physiognomy and the black cat sitting on her hunched back identify her as a witch.

She has just placed the Ace of Hearts beside the cards already on the table, an allusion to the amorous subject about which the four ladies of varying ages and social standing are requesting individual predictions.

Their facial expressions, some of which are portrayed as grotesque masks, speak of unease, folly, and youthful rapture. The etching pillories stereotypes of human weakness in satirical texts and images.

German Version of the Grand Etteilla (1793) by published by Friedrich Gotthelf BaumgaertnerGermanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

The threshold between divination and play are fluid. Perhaps it is easier to think about the future through play - alone, or with others.

More than a game: The "Grand Etteilla" is Jean-François Alliette’s adaptation of the classic Tarot cards. Etteilla is the name Alliette spelled backwards. His version of the Tarot deck was supposed to facilitate fortune-telling.

Alliette believed that the Tarot was 4,000 years old and had been created by the magician Hermes Trismegistos. But in fact, the Tarot evolved in 15th-century Italy and France as a pastime. At that time it was called Trionfi.

Blick in die Sonderausstellung "Zeichen der Zukunft"Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg

Play offers a solution to a quandary that is as old as divination itself: What can we know, and what do we want to know, about the future?

Credits: Story

The online-exhibition is based on the temporary exhibition "Signs of the Future. Divination in East Asia and Europe" - on display till 30th May 2021.

Catalog: Signs of the Future. Divination in East Asia and Europe. Ed. by Marie-Therese Feist. Nuremberg 2020.

https://signs-of-the-future.gnm.de/

Credits: All media
The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content.
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