Anthropocentrism

Towards simplification and abstraction

The Dance of Zalongo (1953) by Giorgos ZongolopoulosNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Until about the mid-1940s, the human figure and figurative depiction monopolized the interest of Greek sculptors. However, the stimuli they receive in Paris are many and varied.

Αlthough some remained committed to the academic approach, or to the post-Rodin French school style, others increasingly turned towards more simplified and abstract shapes, each shaping his personal style through various influences by the European avant-garde.  Thus, they approached the human figure with a new perception, which led to a diversity of treatments: simplified, or completely stylised and suggestive, fragmentary, or expressionistic.

Two Girls (1950) by Lazaros LamerasNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

In the National Gallery collection, the work that marks the shift towards the abstracted, allusive rendition of the human figure, in what is in fact one of the most “extreme” examples, while also ushering in the 1950s, is “Two Girls” by Lazaros Lameras.

Two Girls (1950) by Lazaros LamerasNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Lazaros Lameras (1913 – 1998)

Reminiscent of Cycladic figurines, the two girls are upright, stylised and almost two-dimensional, retaining only the basic elements of female body forms, reaching the limits of abstraction.

Others, from the early 1950s,began to adopt more simplified and abstract forms, resulting in a schematic, allusive, fragmentary, or expressionist rendering of the human figure,  which, was used sometimes as a means to express political or social protest, agonizing mental states or personal experiences.

Head-The Trojan Horse (1970) by Joannis AvramidisNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Joannis Avramidis (1922 – 2016)

He studied at the State Art School in Vatum, from 1937 to 1939. From 1939 to 1943 he lived with his family in Athens. In 1956 he won the State Prize of the Academy where in 1948 he was elected professor of sculpture. From 1966 to 1967 he taught at the Hamburg Fine Arts Academy.

Group of Four Figures (from Figure II) (1963/1978) by Joannis AvramidisNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

The human figure is the main focus of Avramidis’ sculpture, both in his early works done in stone and in his later ones in bronze, aluminum and materials of his own device.

His figures are rendered schematically, in the form of a column or pillar, isolated or in a multiplicity of combinations, and they are characterized by the coexistence of vertical and horizontal subjects, the vertebrae-like arrangement and the rhythmical repetition of the elements which make up the volumes.

Temple-Olympeion (small model) (1963/1974) by Joannis AvramidisNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Along with his sculpture, he has also been involved with painting and drawing, the latter employed either as a preliminary drawing for the sculpture or developed as an autonomous work.

Lot’s Wife (1962) by Frosso Efthymiadi-MenegakiNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Frosso Efthymiadi-Menegaki (1911 - 1995)

Frosso Efthymiadi studied ceramics in Vienna and for a long period made realistic works exclusively in terracotta. In 1955 she abandoned terracotta and turned to using metal. At this time her work became very abstract, but the physical form always remained recognizable.

The female figure sparked the creation of many small and large compositions. Sometimes static, elsewhere in motion, these pieces formulate Efthymiadi’s personal view of the harmonious rendering of female grace.

Lot’s Wife (1962) by Frosso Efthymiadi-MenegakiNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

“Lot’s Wife” is her only work that portrays a religious figure. For its rendering, Efhymiadi borrowed the shape of an organic form – a tiny ordinary seashell. With this she conveyed the pure form of a woman who turned into “a pillar of salt.”

The very shape of the shell offered the solution for the creation of the work, with its endless coiling and uncoiling. Schematic but totally recognizable, “Lot’s Wife”, wound in her cloak, stands petrified, motionless and silent.

Anakyklosis (1983) by Dionyssios GerolymatosNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Dionyssios Gerolymatos (1938 – 2021)

Τhe sculptor received his first drawing classes with Georgios Papadimitriou-Phaion in 1954. He went on to study sculpture with Yannis Pappas at the Athens School of Fine Arts (1959-1963) and at the same time attended bronze casting and plaster moulding classes with Nikos Kerlis.

Dionyssis Gerolymatos works with hard materials – stone, marble, cement – in order to create works of a broad thematic range, the fruit of free inspiration or commissions. His oeuvre is characterized by formalisation, fragmentation, an enigmatic atmosphere and monumentality. Exploring the expressive potential of his material, he creates surrealistic or expressionistic compositions in which he expresses concepts or thought fragments, often giving actual form to lines of poetry.

Vietnam (1967) by Christos KapralosNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Christos Kapralos (1909 - 1993)

Christos Kapralos shaped his personal style by assimilating the teachings of ancient Greek and folk art together with European avant-garde tendencies. His first sculptures were simplified realistic figures in terracotta and plaster, inspired by his immediate environment.

He began using bronze in 1957. The human body became transformed into Victories and mythological figures, ancient hoplite soldiers, couples, and mothers with children.
 At the same time, Kapralos’ compositions became highly abstracted and often fragmented. The fragmented rendition and the intentional, exaggerated distortion gave his work its dramatic character, or emphasized that quality.

“Vietnam” is characteristic from this standpoint. Its content is eloquently declared in the inscriptions engraved on the piece itself: “VIETNAM” and “DICTATORSHIP SHAME”. Kapralos thus expressed his protest against a catastrophic war and a dreadful period in recent Greek history that coincided with it chronologically.

Little Men Tightly Clasped III (1982) by Giorgos LambrouNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Giorgos Lambrou (1946)

Ηe studied sculpture at the Athens School of Fine Arts (1965-1969) with Yannis Pappas. His work has been shown in solo and group exhibitions, among them Panhellenic exhibitions and participation in group events in Greece and  and the world.

Giorgos Lambrou turned to sculpture in 1972. His early works consisted of wire constructions, maintaining contact with visual reality and characterized by austerity, stylisation and an interest in capturing the essential.

He went on to create solid bronze figures without limbs nor individuality, closely interlinked with one another and surrounded by horizontal wavy grooves, invoking a stifling atmosphere. In these works as well as in his “Wastebaskets”, Lambrou practises social criticism, voicing his protest for today’s mass society and the rejection of values.

Composition, Thymios Panourgias, c. 1978, From the collection of: National Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum
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Οther great names of artists who created works that move more towards anthropocentrism are: Dimitris Armakolas (1939 – 2009), Giorgos Georgiadis (1934),   Giorgos Kalakallas (1938 – 2021), Dimitris Kalamaras (1924 – 1997),   Kyriakos Kambadakis (1938 – 2003),   Spyros Katapodis (1933 – 1998),   Kostas Klouvatos (1923 – 2007),   Kostas Koulentianos (1918 – 1995), Evangelos (Vangelis) Moustakas (1930), Thymios Panourgias (1931 - 2015), Aspassia Papadoperaki (1942)

Couple (1976) by Bella RaftopoulouNational Gallery of Greece - Alexandros Soutsos Museum

Theodoros Papayannis (1942), Bella Raftopoulou (1902 – 1992), Kyriakos Rokos (1945), Gabriella Simossi (1926 – 1999), Ioanna Spiteri (1920 – 2000), Michael Tombros (1889 – 1974), Manolis Tzombanakis (1943), Giorgos Zongolopoulos (1903 – 2004)

Credits: Story

Texts: Tonia Giannoudaki, Curator of Modern Greek and European Sculpture, National Gallery - Alexandros Soutsos Museum, Athens 
Project leader: Efi Agathonikou, Head of Collections Department,  National Gallery - Alexandros Soutsos Museum, Athens
Images: Stavros Psiroukis & Thalia Kimpari, Photographic Studio,  National Gallery - Alexandros Soutsos Museum, Athens
Digital curation: Marina Tomazani, Art Historian, Curator, National Gallery - Alexandros  Soutsos Museum 

Credits: All media
The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content.

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