Elephanta Caves: A Timeline

2nd century BC: Evidence of settlements on the island, known as Gharapuri, with construction of Buddhist stupas.

The main cave complex, including the Great Cave (Cave 1), is constructed, primarily dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Scholars debate the exact period, with estimations ranging from 5th to 7th centuries, and some suggesting completion by 550 CE, possibly built by the Kalachuri king, Krishnaraja. The dates of the caves construction and its builders remain a subject of discussion.

Following construction, Elephanta thrives as Gharapuri (City of Caves), a center of worship and possibly a regional pilgrimage site.

The Portuguese arrive and rename the island Ilha Elefante in 1534 after a large stone elephant they find on the island.

During Portuguese rule, the caves suffer significant damage due to neglect and vandalism, including the use of sculptures for target practice by Portuguese soldiers. In the late-seventeenth century, the territory is handed over to the British East India Company as a gift.

The British take control and initiate restoration efforts. In 1864, they attempt to transport the elephant to England. Due to its weight, the sculpture falls and breaks into several pieces. These pieces are then moved to the Victoria Gardens (now Veermata Jijabai Bhonsale Udyan). In 1914, Cecil Burns assembles the broken parts. The elephant has since been displayed at the entrance of the Dr Bhau Daji Lad Museum.

1987: The Elephanta Caves are designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing their cultural and historical significance.