A glimpse behind the facade – Nuremberg around 1900

Historic photographs of Ferdinand Schmidt show magnificent inner courtyards of late Gothic and Renaissance town houses in Nuremberg.

Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Zentralinsitut für Kunstgeschichte München

3rd page from the Fränkischer Kurier, Vol. 34, No. 323 (1867-11-24)Original Source: Digital Collection of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

The Photographic Studio Schmidt in Nuremberg

In November 1867, Ferdinand Schmidt earned an official license to practice photography. In October, he took over the photographic studio of his late father Georg Schmidt (1811–1867). Schmidt promoted his business and his extensive services in an advertisement and was even "always ready to take photographs of corpses".

Ferdinand Schmidt's photographer's carriageOriginal Source: Helmut Beer: Das alte Nürnberg des Ferdinand Schmidt. Fotografien 1860 bis 1909. Nürnberg 2009, S. 17

Schmidt was born on June 19, 1840 in Nuremberg, where he died on August 22, 1909. As a talented photographer, he built a mobile darkroom out of a carriage, as he primarily photographed using the collodion wet plate process – a process that requires rapid further processing in a darkroom.

The chronicler of old Nuremberg captures the city in a time of great change. His photographs show magnificent town houses, built in the late Gothic and Renaissance periods. At the time, these buildings already had a rich past. During the Second World War, the city of Nuremberg from Schmidt's photographs was largely destroyed and so his pictures allow a journey back in time to Nuremberg around 1900.

Nuremberg: Former Sternhof, Neutorstraße 13 (1567/1599)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Sternhof, Neutorstrasse 13

Around 1800 the Sternhof was an inn for travellers and accommodation for craftsmen. The name comes from the star that marked this inn. The unusually spacious courtyard was bordered by numerous houses and forges. When the inn closed in 1851, the building gradually fell into disrepair until it was largely demolished in the 1880s. During the Second World War the remains fell victim to an air raid. Today, new buildings from the second half of the 20th century stand on this property. House number 13 no longer exists in the address books.

Nuremberg: Former Sternhof, Neutorstraße 13, Lorenz Ritter, 1850/1867, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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The scenic view into the inner courtyard of the Sternhof with the Neutorturm in the background inspired numerous artists over the years. Among them is Lorenz Ritter, who drew the courtyard a few years before Schmidt.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 1. Hälfte Page 403, Fig. 505: Neutorstrasse 13, Sternhof half-timbered building, Heinrich Dennemarck, 1911, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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By 1890 at the latest, only one of the original half-timbered buildings remained. Shown here in a drawing from 1911.

Nuremberg: Former Sternhof, Neutorstraße 13 (1567/1599)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

In this photograph from 1918, the building already looks very run-down. The Sternhof was probably built after a fire destroyed the previous houses on this property in 1567.

Open 'Docke' (baluster) galleries decorated the upper floors. They were typical for Nuremberg residential buildings of the Middle Ages. Docken are wooden turned columns of a balustrade.

Nuremberg: Former town house, Hübnersplatz 7 (1480/1620)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Town house, Hübnersplatz 7

At Hübnersplatz 7 stood this residential house, which was built in the 16th and 17th centuries. The nested wooden baluster galleries and staircases probably fascinated Schmidt when he photographed them in 1880. In many of Nuremberg's Late Gothic residential buildings, stairs between floors and corridors were located outside, in the inner courtyard. The ground floor often housed workshops or storage rooms.

Nuremberg: Former town house, Hübnersplatz 7 (1480/1620)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

In the first half of the 20th century, the wooden galleries were reinforced. A bomb destroyed the entire block during the Second World War.

Nuremberg: Former Pickerthaus, Albrecht-Dürer-Platz 10 (1480/1500)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Pickerthaus, Albrecht-Dürer-Platz 10

Built at the end of the 15th century, the town house took its name from the art shop that was housed here. In 1858 Abraham Pickert (1783–1870), a renowned art collector and court antiquarian from Fürth, bought the house. His three sons Sigmund, Julius and Max also entered the antiques business. After the death of Abraham Pickert, his eldest son Sigmund (1825–1893) took over, becoming court antiquarian in 1872. Schmidt's photograph from the 1870s or 1880s shows the art treasures exhibited in the courtyard.

Nuremberg: Former Pickerthaus, Albrecht-Dürer-Platz 10 (1480/1500)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

After the death of Sigmund Pickert in 1893, the business went to his younger brother Max (1836–1912), who bequeathed the house to the city of Nuremberg. In this photograph from the time between 1920 and 1940, the art shop was already history.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 1. Hälfte Page 59, Fig. 60: Albrecht-Dürer-Platz 10, floor plan, Heinrich Dennemarck, 1905, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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The late Gothic house had a typical structure of the time: An inner courtyard connected a front and a rear building.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 1. Hälfte Page 60, Fig. 63: Albrecht-Dürer-Platz 10, cross-section, Heinrich Dennemarck, 1908, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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On the upper floor on the north, west and east sides of the courtyard were wooden baluster galleries. On January 2, 1945 an explosive bomb destroyed the residential building.

Nuremberg: Former Haus zu den Löwenköpfen, Theresienstraße 11 (1616)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Haus zu den Löwenköpfen, corner of Tetzelgasse 1 and Theresienstrasse 11

Schmidt photographed the inner courtyard of this residential block shortly before its demolition in 1892, when the buildings on the corner of Tetzelgasse 1 and Theresienstrasse 11 had to make way for the new post office building on Theresienstrasse, the so-called Theresienpost. Once again, Schmidt proves to be a chronicler of a city in transition at the turn of the 20th century.

The photographer's visit did not go unnoticed. Thus the house inhabitants spread over all levels; also visible on another photograph of this courtyard: ...

Nuremberg: Former Haus zu den Löwenköpfen, Theresienstraße 11 (1616)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

… from a boy leaning casually against a pillar, and gentlemen in a three-piece suite …

… to a woman leaning on the balustrade of a wooden gallery …

… and children looking curiously out of a window of the stair tower.

After this site had once been home to the Ungeldamt – an office for a medieval kind of sales tax – it was converted into a unified complex in 1616.

An octagonal stair tower connected the individual levels of the partly open wooden and closed brick galleries. In Schmidt's photographs, the courtyard appears to be clearly aged.

The Theresienpost was destroyed in the Second World War. Today this street corner is empty.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 2. Hälfte Page 795, Fig. 946: Theresienstrasse 11, 1616, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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The building was named Haus zu den Löwenköpfen (House to the Lion's Heads), presumably in reference to a coat of arms which was located on the Chörlein (typical Nuremberg oriel window) on the street facade.

Nuremberg: Former town house, Karlstraße 7 (1580/1620)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Town House, Karlstrasse 7

Another beautiful example of a Renaissance-style courtyard shows this unnamed house in Karlstraße. Tracery ornaments decorated the closed galleries on the first and second floors. The house was destroyed during the Second World War at the latest and house number 7 no longer exists today. 

Nuremberg: Former Haus zum Pfauen, Tetzelgasse 32 (1600)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Haus zum Pfauen, Tetzelgasse 32

Schmidt's photograph of this courtyard focuses on its striking detail: a decoratively carved column. At the same time, he captured the delicately carved, pierced tracery balustrades.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 2. Hälfte Page 686, Fig. 833: Tetzelgasse 32, courtyard, around 1550, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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The Haus zum Pfauen (House to the Peacock) was a characteristic example of a Nuremberg tracery courtyard and dating from around 1550. Two-storey wooden galleries surrounded three sides of the courtyard.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 2. Hälfte Page 679, Fig. 825: Tetzelgasse 32, facade, around 1550, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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On January 2, 1945 the building was completely destroyed. Tetzelgasse 32 no longer exists today.

Nuremberg: Former inn Historischer Hof, formerly Imhoff's House (?), Tucherstraße 20 (1450/1550) by Adam KraftZentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Inn Historischer Hof, Tucherstrasse 20

The house
Tucherstrasse 20 was built around 1500 in late Gothic style. On the first floor
of this grand courtyard, there was a surrounding stone gallery with a tracery
balustrade. On the second floor, the gallery was covered with carved wooden
panels.

The symmetrical image section Schmidt chose shows the special feature of this building:

These stelae from 1505 with musical figurines are attributed to the Nuremberg sculptor and master builder Adam Kraft (ca. 1460–1509).

Nuremberg: Former inn Historischer Hof, formerly Imhoff's House (?), Tucherstraße 20 (1450/1550)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

In the 19th century, the ground floor was home to the inn Historischer Hof.

Nuremberg: Former inn Historischer Hof, formerly Imhoff's House (?), Tucherstraße 20 (1450/1550)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

A view through the courtyard shows the different architectural styles of the surrounding buildings.

Nuremberg: Former inn Historischer Hof, formerly Imhoff's House (?), Tucherstraße 20 (1450/1550)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

The north side was rebuilt in the 17th century. The whole block was destroyed on January 2, 1945.

Nuremberg: Pellerhaus, Egidienplatz 23 (1602/1605) by Jakob Wolff the ElderZentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Pellerhaus, Egidienplatz 23

Already at the time of its construction, the Pellerhaus was considered one of the most impressive examples of the Nuremberg Renaissance. The house, built in 1602–1605 according to the plans of Jakob Wolff the Elder (1546–1612), was a classic Nuremberg complex with front and rear buildings connected by an inner courtyard. This courtyard shows influences of the Italian Renaissance, such as the arched positions of the arcades on the ground floor and the gallery corridors on the upper floors – as well as typical Nuremberg features from the late Gothic period – such as the balustrades decorated with tracery ornamentation. 

Nuremberg: Egidienplatz (1602/1828)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Contractor and name giver is the merchant Martin Peller. He was active in Nuremberg from about 1581 and was raised to the nobility in 1585. In 1596 he received Nuremberg civil rights.

By 1600, Peller is wealthy enough to buy a property on one of Nuremberg's prestigious squares. On Egidienplatz he is in good neighbourhood of many important, long-established patrician families, such as Imhoff, Behaim and Ebner.

Nuremberg: Pellerhaus, Egidienplatz 23 (1602/1605) by Jakob Wolff the ElderZentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

By building the residential and commercial building, Peller wants to increase his chances of becoming a member of the city council in order to gain more political power in Nuremberg.

Explosive bombs severely damaged the Pellerhaus on October 3, 1944 and January 2, 1945. Only parts of the entrance hall and the arcades in the courtyard survive.

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As early as 1956/57 Fritz and Walter Mayer built a new, modern facade. From 2008 to 2018 the inner courtyard was almost completely historically reconstructed and is now open to visitors.

Nuremberg: Former town house, Äußerer Laufer Platz 17 (1600/1625)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Town House, Äusserer Laufer Platz 17

Little is known about
this imposing courtyard, which once stood at the address Äusserer Laufer Platz
17. The building was probably built around 1600 in the style of the Nuremberg
Renaissance. An octagonal stair tower on the north
side accentuated the large inner courtyard.

Schmidt's photography focused on this stair tower with its tracery ornaments. This backyard photograph is particularly picturesque because of the playing children.

The dog shaking its head reveals that the children probably had to remain in their position for a very long time.
In some of his photographs Schmidt integrated interested spectators and children as living props to enliven his subjects.

Nuremberg: Former town house, Äußerer Laufer Platz 17 (1600/1625)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Two photographs from the 1930s show a slightly different view of the courtyard …

Nuremberg: Former town house, Äußerer Laufer Platz 17 (1600/1625)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

… and the street facade on the south side. The building was completely destroyed in the Second World War.

Nuremberg: Former Hertelshof, Paniersplatz 9 (1612)Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Hertelshof, Panierplatz 9

An octagonal stair tower was also the focus of this photograph of the Hertelhof. The various Gothic tracery ornaments under the windows and on the stair tower distinguished this side facade. The courtyard view became a popular motif over the years.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 1. Hälfte Page 421, Fig. 522: Panierplatz 9, Hertelshof, 1612, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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The building once stood on the corner of Panierplatz 9 and Untere Söldnersgasse. The courtyard and garden opened up to the street corner.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 1. Hälfte Page 422, Fig. 523: Panierplatz 9, Hertelshof, portal, 1612, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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In 1604, the wine merchant Hieronymus Hertel acquired the property and had the building constructed in 1612, which therefore bore the name Hertelshof.

Nuremberg: Former Hertelshof, Paniersplatz 9, 1612, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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On January 2, 1945 the building was almost completely destroyed. However, a special detail was able to outlast the time.

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One of the tracery balustrades from the top floor decorates a piece of wall where the portal to the courtyard once stood. However, this memory of the former building now hangs upside down.

Nuremberg: Krafft's House (Welser Courtyard), Theresienstraße 7 (1509/1512) by Hans Behaim the ElderZentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte

Krafft's House, Theresienstrasse 7

In the Middle Ages and early modern times, the address Theresienstrasse 7 is home to numerous representatives of well-known Nuremberg patrician families such as Welser, Tucher, Scheurl, Pfinzing, Stromer and Haller von Hallerstein.

In 1509 Jakob Welser (1468–1541) bought the house from the Stromers. The impressive inner courtyard (Welserhof) was named after him and was built until 1512 by the architect Hans Behaim the Elder (1455/60–1538).

The building owes its last name, Krafft's House, to Philip Casimir Krafft. The merchant acquired the property in 1812, before it came into the possession of the Klein’s fuel materials foundation in 1896. Schmidt's photograph from 1903 shows the inner courtyard already at the time of this foundation.

Book: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Band: Das Milchmarktviertel, 2. Hälfte Page 743, Fig. 893: Theresienstrasse 7, floor plan of the ground floor, 1900/1915, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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The Krafft‘s House, built in late Gothic style with modern influences, consisted of a front and rear building and a large inner courtyard. To the south, east and west, the courtyard was surrounded by open galleries with ornamental tracery balustrades.

Nuremberg: Krafft's House (Welser Courtyard), Theresienstraße 7, Hans Behaim the Elder, 1509/1512, From the collection of: Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte
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Only parts of the inner courtyard, the entrance portal as well as the coat of arms once placed above the portal survived the Second World War.

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In the 1950s, the building was given a new facade based on the remains of the old building. The inner courtyard has been extensively restored over the last 50 years and for the most part historically reconstructed. Today the Welserhof houses an open-air cinema and a cabaret stage.

Credits: Story

All photographs from the photographic collection of the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte Munich, with the exception of the image quotations from Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung and form Das alte Nürnberg des Ferdinand Schmidt. Fotographien 1860 bis 1909.

Concept & text: Nadine Raddatz
With the support of Sonja Hull, Elina Meßfeldt, Ralf Peters, Silvia Werndl and Pia Wiesner

You can read more about the photographer Ferdinand Schmidt on the Blog of the ZI.

Further reading:
Fritz Traugott Schulz: Nürnbergs Bürgerhäuser und ihre Ausstattung. 1. Vol.: Das Milchmarktviertel. Leipzig/Wien 1933;
Centrum Industriekultur (ed.): Nürnberg 1865-1909. Photographien von Ferdinand Schmidt, München 1987;
Helmut Beer/Michael Diefenbacher: Im Wandel - Nürnberg vor 100 Jahren. Fotographien von Ferdinand Schmidt 1860-1909, Nürnberg 1999.
Helmut Beer: Das alte Nürnberg des Ferdinand Schmidt. Fotographien 1860 bis 1909, Nürnberg 2009.

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