What is a Ragamala ?
Can one imagine a melody being painted? That is exactly what the genre of paintings called Ragamala has done. The artworks were executed in sets of 36, mainly during 16th to early 20th century in India. They depict beautifully the essence of a raga, which means an Indian musical mode or melody in its classical systems of music. It was a popular theme in different miniature painting schools that flourished under royal patronage in Rajasthan, Central India and the Deccan. Ragamala was produced at Mughal courts as well.
Raga and the Ragamala
A raga has its own emotion and personality. A Ragamala means a 'garland of ragas’, which is a set of paintings in which each raga, is represented by a scene relating to the essence of the raga. There are six main ragas; Bhairava, Malkaus, Deepak, Hindol, Shri and Megha and each raga has accompanying female ragini as well, also their numerous sons, ragaputra and daughters ragaputri. The ragas are expressed pictorially in the Ragamalas.
Picturing a Mood
The ragas depict bhavas or emotions and are meant to be sung at a particular time of the day and in a particular season. Ragamalas depict the various moods and feelings of love, veneration of a god figure, action on a battlefield, ascetic life, among few other scenarios depending on the raga being painted. There is an accompanying verse called dhyana which is mentioned on top of the Ragamala painting which mentions the name of the raga as well. Ragamalas are thus a symphony of art, poetry and classical music of India.
Of Love and Separation
Many of the ragas and raginis in Indian classical music relate to love and its various emotional situations. There is both happiness and pain in the experience of love.
Let us share the joys of meeting and the anguish of separation as felt by the nayika or heroine through these exquisite Ragamala paintings from the museum's repertoire !
Vasant ragini (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Vasant Ragini - the joy of spring
Lord Krishna and Radha seen with gopis, Krishna has his arm around Radha and is about to put colour on her face, one gopi throwing coloured water, one with water gun and another gopi seen beating on a disc. This is a morning ragini, one of joy and frolic, a happy meeting of lovers during the occasion of Holi festival. A depiction of Vasant Ragini, a painting from Sirohi, Rajasthan, maybe from the19th century.
Kakubha ragini (1875/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Kakubha Ragini - enchanting the peacocks
A painting depicting a beautiful forlorn lady with a striking complexion standing under a mango tree in a grove, holding a musical instrument with enchanted peacocks in front, who listen to her playing on her instrument. This ragini which has both tenderness and sadness, depicting separation from her lover, from the Deccan, dated to the late 19th century.
Madhu madhavi ragini (1700/1700)Salar Jung Museum
Madhu-madhavi Ragini - disturbed by lightning
Ragini Madhu-madhavi depicts two figures, the nayika or heroine and her companion. The heroine is disturbed by the lightning and the intruding peacock and is trying to push it away as she waits for her beloved.
She has readied the place for the tryst; there is a tray with wine cup and ewer among other things. An early evening ragini of joyous anticipation, a painting from Kotah, dated to circa 1700.
Gunkari ragini (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Gunakari Ragini - saying it with flowers
A miniature painting illustrating Gunakari Ragini. The nayika is with her maid and she is waiting for her lover. She is picking flowers to make a garland for her lover and her maid is arranging the bed with petals for the tryst. The architectural details are ornate with trees in the backdrop.
The decorations at the bottom consist of two floral patterns and another with geometrical designs in the centre. The morning ragini depicts the sweetness of yearning in love, a painting from Datia, dated to the 18th century.
Kamod ragini (1600/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Kamodi Ragini - alone with nature
Kamodi ragini depicts a lady feeding a peacock in a garden. She has been deserted by her lover and is roaming in a grove. Kamodi ragini is often seen carrying garlands as they are a symbol of the love-tryst. An evening melody of pathos and longing, a painting from Malwa, dated to the 17th century.
Vibhas ragini (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Vibhas Ragini - joy of union
Painting depicting Vibhas Ragini showing a lover having a garland and a sword in his hands leaving his beloved who is sleeping in a palace. The garland depicts the tryst of love and the sword shows that he is leaving his sleeping lover towards the end of the starry night, as dawn approaches. A morning melody of the joy of union, painting from Malwa, dated to the 18th century.
Varari ragini (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Ragini Varari - secret rendezvous
A depiction of Ragini Varari wherein the lover is seen pulling his beloved who is holding a garland in her left hand, indicating a tryst of love. They are walking on a floral path and wearing beautiful garments for this rendezvous, it seems. A raga of yearning and happiness of meeting, a painting from Mewar, maybe from the 19th century.
Bangla ragini (1760/1760)Salar Jung Museum
Bangla Ragini - an ascetic life
Painting depicting Ragini Bangla, a lady seated on a deer skin, she is in a posture of worship next to a building which seems to be her hermitage, with her pet cheetah in the foreground. Trees are by the side, one is a banyan. She has taken up ascetic life due to the loss of her beloved.
She has a musk mark on the forehead and matted locks and probably ash in her palms. A monsoon melody of pathos, painting from Bundi, dated to circa 1760.
Gauri ragini (1670/1670)Salar Jung Museum
Gauri Ragini - pangs of separation
Painting depicting Gauri ragini. A lady standing between two rocks with trees holding flower creeper wands in both the hands. Two peacocks seen seated on the rocks and two peacocks on the background are shown. They are her companions as she is separated from her beloved. A late evening melody of longing, a painting from Sirohi, Rajasthan, dated to circa 1670.
Malasri ragini (1670/1670)Salar Jung Museum
Malasri Ragini - expectation and longing
Miniature painting of Malasri ragini depicts a nayika seated plucking petals out of a lotus. She is waiting for her lover and is in a disturbed state due to the separation but there is an expectation. Her confidante is standing before her, trees, flowering plants, clouds in the sky form the backdrop. A late evening ragini of longing and anticipation, a painting from Malwa, dated to circa 1670.
Vilavali ragini (1670/1670)Salar Jung Museum
Vilaval Ragini - ‘Shringar' in progress
An exquisite miniature painting of Vilaval ragini which depicts a noble lady seated with bolster at the back, engaged in shringar, the process of beautifying herself; wearing earrings while looking into a mirror.
She is dressing up for her lover’s visit. The maid is showing her the mirror. A morning ragini which depicts joy and anticipation, a painting from Malwa, dated to circa 1670.
Asavri ragini (1800/1825)Salar Jung Museum
Asavari Ragini - a snake-charmer
A beautiful depiction of the Asavari ragini showing a lady seated on a rock in the forest playing on a veena. She is surrounded by snakes. She has been separated from her lover and has taken up ascetic life, has a way with snakes and can sing and dance to charm them.
A morning ragini, the composition shows trees, flower plants and a water body with lotuses in the foreground. A vibrant blue sky is the backdrop. A creeper design border in gold against orange and ornate foliate design around the border enhance the beauty of this painting from the Deccan, dated to the early 19th century.
Dhanasri ragini (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Dhanasri Ragini - a way to remember
Dhanasri ragini is depicted as a princess engaged in painting her absent lover’s image. She is drawing for a sense of recall. She is seated on an ornate terrace under a canopy with a bolster at the back, a confidante is seated in front speaking to her and a maid is standing behind her.
A ragini of late evening, Dhanasri ragini is a melody of mixed emotions. This miniature is painted by artist Anup, from the Mughal School, dated to the 18th century.
Text and Curation : Soma Ghosh
Photography : M. Krishnamurthy and Bahadur Ali
Research Assistance : Dinesh Singh and E. Rajesh
Special Thanks to Dr.A. Nagender Reddy, Director, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India.
References –
1. Daljeet, Dr. (2014) Ragachitra: Deccani Ragamala painting, New Delhi: Niyogi Publications.
2. Amrita Kumar,ed (1994) Ragamala painting, New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
3. Gangoly, O. C (1935) Ragas and Raginis, Calcutta: Clive Press.