Who is Durga?
Did you know that in Hindu mythology there is a strong, beautiful warrior goddess, who rides a tiger or lion? She is none other than Durga, the invincible. Lord Brahma, Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva created Goddess Durga, as an avatar of Ma Shakti using their energies, to save devalok, where the Gods resided and living beings on earth from demon Mahishasura, as neither of the three could vanquish the demon. Goddess Durga, with weapons provided to her by the three Gods took over the task of vanquishing Mahishasura.She came to earth to kill the demon Mahishasura. After a long and hard battle, she killed Mahishasura and restored the heaven, devalok to the Gods, which was previously acquired by him.
Worship of Durga
Ma Durga as she is fondly called, is invoked for protection from the powers of evil. The triumph of Goddess Durga over the demon Mahishasura symbolizes the victory of good over the evil. Durga Puja is observed for her victory. Ma Durga has been worshiped from about 400 A.D or probably earlier than that, to the present time. The day of victory is celebrated as Vijayadashami or Dussehra.
Navaratri
The actual period of the worship however may be on the preceding nine days, Navaratri followed by the last day called Vijayadashami in North India or five days in Bengal. Nine aspects of Durga known as Navadurga are worshipped, one by one during the nine-day festival. In South India especially Andhra Pradesh, Navaratri is also celebrated and the goddess is dressed each day as a different devi meaning goddess.
The word devi in Sanskrit means divine or a shining presence. The nine manifestations of Durga worshipped during Navaratri in the month of Ashwin of the Hindu calendar are Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Skandamata, Katyayani,Kaalratri, Mahagauri and Siddhidaatri.
The Garba
Durga is associated with two mountain ranges, the Himalayas in the north and the VIndhyas in central India. In Mysore, which originated from Mahishasooru in Karnataka, she is worshiped as Chamundeshwari, the patron goddess of the city during Dussehra. In Gujarat it is celebrated as the last day of Navaratri, during which the Garba dance is performed to celebrate the victory of Durga as ‘Mahishasura-mardini’.
Durga puja
‘Durga Puja’ is celebrated in Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, Tripura, Assam and Bangladesh. The Goddess is worshipped as Mother Durga or Ma Durga, the Mother Goddess being the symbol of all the true qualities which define the Supreme Being. Durga is the representation of infinite power and purity, which resides within every being.The Devi Mahatmya or Devi Mahatmyam is a Hindu philosophical text describing the Goddess as the supreme power and creator of the universe. It is part of the Markandeya Purana. It is recited during Navratri celebrations, the Durga Puja festival,and in Durga temples across India. UNESCO has accorded the Intangible Cultural Heritage tag to Durga Puja on 15th December, 2021.
Durga in Art
Durga images can be seen carved on many ancient Indian temples and caves and is seen in murals as well. Durga images began to be available in miniature painting from 16th century to the 20th century. Durga worship is found all over India, more so in Eastern India. especially Bengal. Statues of Durga have been carved out of clay, stone and bronze and painted as patachitra in Odisha and Bengal. Painting styles in Rajasthani and Pahari have depicted the Goddess in its various schools.
The Salar Jung Museum Collection
The museum has an interesting repertoire of Goddess Durga representations. From bronze and stone statues to manuscript paintings of the Devi Mahatmya, the collection is impressive. There are in bronze folk Durga expressions too.The artefacts show her in battle mode and in her peaceful image as well.
Let us discover some of the collection of the powerful and feisty Goddess Durga at the Salar Jung Museum!
Durga riding on tiger with many Gods standing around her (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Durga with many Gods standing around her
Painting depicts multi armed Goddess Durga riding on tiger with many Gods standing around her with folded hands. Five angelic figures showering flowers over her. Geometrical designs on yellow band around, from Jaipur, dated to the 19th century.
Figure of Mahisasura Mardini (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Mahishahsura-mardini
Goddess Durga as Mahishasura-mardini with eight arms holding weapons, killing a buffalo demon at her feet, figure is on a rectangular base, from South India, dated to the 18th century.
Goddess Durga as Mahishasuramardini (1800/1800)Salar Jung Museum
Durga as Mahishasura-mardini
Goddess Durga as Mahishasura mardini killing Mahishasura. Three temples seen in middle of rocks and an orange coloured flag on the shikhara is on the middle main shrine, painting from Jodhpur, dated to circa 1800.
Mahishasura-mardini (1900/1999)Salar Jung Museum
Mahishasura-mardini
Bronze statuette of Mahishasura-mardini with four arms, holding sword, trident and mace, resting her left foot on an animal at left. Elongated cut out hole at back, from South India, dated to 20th century.
Battle between Durga and demons (1775/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Battle between Durga and demons
Painting showing a battle between Goddess Durga and demons in which Durga is riding on lion carrying various weapons in her many arms accompanied by her four followers attacking the demons who are armed, elephant and horses seen falling down, from Guler, dated to the late 18th century.
Eight-handed Devi (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Eight-handed Devi
Bronze figure of eight-handed Devi Mariamman with the seven hooded serpent, who is affiliated to Goddess Durga, bronze, from India, dated to the 19th century.
Durga in an illustrated manuscript (1650/1650)Salar Jung Museum
Durga in an illustrated manuscript
Goddess Durga, illustrated manuscript, painting showing Durga devi - a few verses in Devanagari also seen, dated to circa 1650.
Figure of Goddess Durga (1300/1399)Salar Jung Museum
Figure of Goddess Durga
Probably a bronze figure of Goddess Durga dancing. Her legs are on a prostrate figure. Ganesh on the right side. Hands carry the symbols, a halo around the figure. A snake on the right side of the halo, from South India, dated to the 14th century.
Goddess Durga riding on a tiger's back and in combat with demons (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Goddess Durga in combat with demons
Painting depicts multi-armed Goddess Durga riding on a tiger's back and horned demons Shumbha and Nishumbha with mace and shield in attacking position depicted in two registers, the demon below has moustaches. Geometrical designs on yellow band around, folio from a Devi Mahatmaya, from Jaipur, dated to the 19th century.
Goddess Durga (1900/1999)Salar Jung Museum
Goddess Durga
Goddess Durga riding on a lion fighting with two demons, figure is on a wooden base, made in ivory, dated to the 20th century.
Goddess Durga seated on a throne (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Goddess Durga seated on a throne
Painting depicts multi-armed Goddess Durga seated on a throne with human and animal figures on her lap. Eight maids standing on either side with chatter and fly-whisks. Angelic figures showering flowers over her, from Jaipur, dated to the 19th century.
Goddess Durga riding on a tiger's back and in combat with demons (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Goddess Durga in combat with demon
Painting depicts multi-armed Goddess Durga riding on tiger shooting arrows at demon Nishumbha. Geometrical designs around the painting, folio from a Devi Mahatmya from Jaipur, dated to the 19th century.
Standing Asthabhuja Durga (1200/1299)Salar Jung Museum
Standing 'Asthabhuja Durga'
Goddess Durga with several weapons and attributes like sword, spear, sickle, shankha,shield and bow. Her hands bears several bangles. Her front right hand is shown in varadahasta or posture of granting wishes. A lady probably a bhakta or devotee is seen seated on left. Stone sculpture from West Bengal, Pala dynasty, dated to the 13th century.
Durga riding on tiger shooting arrows. (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Durga riding on tiger shooting arrows
Painting depicts multi-armed Goddess Durga riding on tiger shooting arrows. The arrows already shot have pierced the arms and shield of the demon who is holding a sword in his right hand. Two attendants with fly-whisks on either side of Durga. Geometrical designs around the painting, folio from a Devi Mahatmya from Jaipur, dated to the 19th century.
Folk figure of Goddess Durga (1500/1599)Salar Jung Museum
Folk figure of Goddess Durga
Folk bronze figure of Durga holding a lotus in her left hand and weapons in her other hand, from Central India, dated to the16th century.
Durga riding on tiger armed with weapons (1875/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Durga riding on tiger armed with weapons
Painting depicts multi-armed Goddess Durga riding on tiger, armed with sword, mace, spear, arrow, trident and holding the head of a vanquished demon by its long hair tassel, from Deccan, dated to the late 19th century.
Durga killing a demon (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Durga killing a demon
Illustrated palm leaf is containing ten leaves depicting Goddess Durga killing a demon, patachitra from Odisha, dated to the 18th century.
Mahishasura-mardini (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Mahishasura-mardini
Bronze figure of Mahishasura-mardini on four-legged rectangular base, from South India, dated to the 19th century.
Text and Curation : Soma Ghosh
Photography : M. Krishnamurthy and Bahadur Ali
Research Assistance : Dinesh Singh and E. Rajesh
Special Thanks to Dr. A. Nagender Reddy, Director, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India.
References -
1. Pal, Pratapaditya, ed./Goddess Durga - The Power and The Glory, Mumbai: Marg
Publications
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga (accessed on 23.06.2022)
3. https://festivals.iloveindia.com/durga-puja/origin-durga-puja.html (accessed on 23.06.2022)