Bronze furniture fitting in the shape of a lion

Although now twisted out of shape, this piece of cast bronze in the shape of a lion with bull's hooves was probably part of a throne. The grinning lion is very stylized: his forehead and nose are ornamented and he has a pattern of close curls on his chest. The piece was originally inlaid and the bronze was gilded, so the effect must have been rich and colourful. It comes from Toprakkale (ancient Rusahinili) in Urartu, the site of a major temple of the god Haldi. Ancient furniture was usually made of wood, but important pieces were decorated with such materials as ivory or metals. The kingdom of Urartu was the centre of one of the most sophisticated bronze production industries of the whole of Anatolia and the Near East in the first part of the first millennium BC, and the site of Toprakkale has produced some of the best evidence for elaborate bronze furniture fittings. Survival on this scale is rare in the archaeological record because the raw material was valuable, and finished objects could be melted down for the bronze to be re-used. Urartu, centred on Lake Van, was the northern neighbour and rival of the Assyrian Empire from the ninth to the seventh centuries BC. It had disappeared before 600 BC, possibly destroyed by raids of horse-borne warriors known to the Greeks as Scythians, associated with the Medes from western Iran. The name survives, however, in that of its highest mountain, Ararat.