The warmth and sun of the summer months have gone, the nights are drawing in, and there's a cold edge to the wind; but the beauty of autumn is just beginning... One of the most defining characteristics of the season is the new colors that fill the landscape with the falling leaves turning to red, yellow, and orange. These autumnal scenes have been a source of inspiration for artists around the world for centuries, so sit back and take a look at 12 beautiful images of fall that will have you longing for those cooler nights.

1. The garden of Saint Paul's Hospital ('Leaf-Fall') by Vincent van Gogh, 1889

Vincent van Gogh often drew upon his surroundings for his work and even in his most turbulent times he saw the beauty in the world. This painting, for instance, was inspired by the large garden of the hospital Vincent van Gogh admitted himself to in 1889. Struck by the beauty of the falling leavings, he originally called this painting a 'leaf-fall'. In the piece, the colors are earthy and cool, and we see a lone figure surrounded by leaves blowing in the wind.

The artist's high viewpoint is interesting here, it enables him to provide a sense of scale with the tall trees in the foreground and the small figure further away. The artist learned of this compositional technique from Japanese prints and the work of his friends and fellow artists, Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin.

2. Autumn Leaves by Yokoyama Taikan, 1931

Yokoyama Taikan was responsible for popularizing the technique 'nihonga', a style that emerged around 1900 onward where works were made in accordance with traditional Japanese artistic conventions and materials.

This painting is one of the most impressive examples of his work. In the piece, Taikan has painted most of the space in ultramarine blue and adds patches white-silver that take the form of clouds and rocks. The fresh blues are contrasted by the red autumn leaves which add warmth to the scene. The result is a delicate interpretation of the changing seasons.

3. Autumn on the Seine, Argenteuil (Automne sur la Seine Argenteuil) by Claude Monet, 1873

Claude Monet created this work shortly after he arrived in Argenteuil in 1871. It captures the Petit Bras, a branch of the Seine river. In the background you can see recognizable architectural landmarks such as the Château Michelet.

Light, shadow and reflection are an important feature in Monet’s work, and in this instance his use of muted, autumnal colors is mirrored in the water below, resulting in an interesting symmetry. The reflection makes it difficult to distinguish between the mirrored colors and their sources adding more intrigue to the piece.

4. Autumn Colors by Kaii Higashiyama, 1986

Kaii Higashiyama remains one the most highly regarded contemporary Japanese painters. What’s most striking about Higashiyama's work is his use of color and the inspiration he derives from his deep admiration and respect for nature.

In his later years, the scenery the artist painted was no longer from Japan or anywhere else in the world, but a deep expression of his inner world. It’s why we’re treated to such an array of different bold color choices in this particular work and perhaps why there's a focus on plant life and trees as opposed to recognizable buildings or landmarks.

5. Near Mstyora, Golden Autumn by Kim N. Britov, 1999

Color, mood and energy are key characteristics of Russian artist Kim N Britov’s work. This particular piece captures the landscape of Mstyora, a small village in the Vladimir region, renowned as a center of folk handicrafts. The traditional style of this land had an impact on Britov himself, and this can be seen in the brightly-colored, graphic style of his work.

In this painting, Britov uses a palette of vivid hues combined with large, deliberately harsh strokes to create a sun-drenched autumn landscape, full of energy. The artist's paintings are primarily characterized by his emotional connection to the subject. This is why the sky in his pictures is so strikingly blue and the foliage is such a bright-orange color. Even the church in the background appears golden at first glance.

6. Autumn by Helmer Osslund, 1907

This large painting was originally part of a series that captured the four seasons. Osslund was commissioned to paint the series for Emil A. Matton (a big shot in the leather industry) for his house in Gävle in 1907. While the building was demolished in 1979, the paintings were rescued and the other three are now privately owned.

Behind the birches in the foreground, you can see the still waters of a mountain lake. The reddish autumn colors are typical of Osslund’s paintings and there’s an eerie darkness to this work unlike the other artworks featured in this list.

7. Colonnades of Canberra’s Civic Centre by Ethel Carrick Fox, 1944

Ethel Carrick Fox is well known for her brilliantly-colored post-impressionist paintings of crowded streets, markets, cafes, and beach scenes. This work depicts the instantly recognizable buildings in Canberra’s city centre on a bright autumn day.

The yellow poplar trees and bicycles in the foreground further reminds the viewer of where they are, and Fox's dappled brushwork captures a cool breeze and many colors of a sunny autumn day in the nation’s capital.

8. Inside Akiba Shrine, Ukeji, No. 91 from One Hundred Famous Views of Edo by Hiroshige, 1857

Utagawa Hiroshige was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist, and considered the last great master of that tradition. In this view of Akiba Shrine in the village of Ukeji, Hiroshige adopts a Western visual effect – the reflection of trees in water, which was often seen in the works of Impressionist artists. The artist has carefully muted the colors of the trees as they appear in reflection so that the green of the pines is lightened and the red of the maples is softened to a light pink.

The red pigment used for the maples here is different from the red lead or iron oxide in other works in the series, which over time have blackened. As a result, this is the only print where the original glory of the autumn colors can still be fully appreciated.

9. Late Autumn Day in the Jægersborg Deer Park, North of Copenhagen by Theodor Philipsen, 1886

Danish artist Theodor Philipsen was known for his landscapes and animal portraits. In this painting the artist captures one the final days of autumn as demonstrated by the his muddy color palette and bare trees.

This work is slightly different in style to Philipsen’s other pieces in that this is the first where he used the brushwork technique adopted by his friend and fellow artist, Paul Gauguin. The pair became close during Gauguin’s visit to Copenhagen in the winter of 1884. In the piece, we see Philipsen use short, saturated brushstrokes in complementary and contrasting colors, giving it an Impressionist aesthetic while maintaining the artist's eye for detail.

10. Autumn landscape by Lin Fengmian, 1977

Lin Fengmian painted this piece the same year he settled in Hong Kong. Living in this new environment had unexpected changes in his art. For instance, it's thought the more liberal social climate gave him courage to reveal stronger emotions in his work, which led to his paintings becoming more expressive. As a result crude, bold brushwork and striking colors became common features in his later paintings.

His landscapes of this period often take a step back from reality, and in Autumn Landscape, for instance, the perspective is slightly skewed and feels almost chaotic. Rather than an accurate interpretation of the scene, Fengmian's focus instead is on expressive brushwork and bright, atmospheric colors to convey this rural landscape.

11. Starrucca Viaduct, Pennsylvania by Jasper Francis Cropsey, 1865

Jasper Francis Cropsey’s view of this fiery autumn scene captures the forests, mountains, and valleys of the northeast of America in a celebration of the country’s uniquely untouched, natural beauty. Images of the railroad in these types of paintings often symbolized the industrial growth of America, and were seen both as a sign of progress and of the destruction of nature.

For Cropsey, he took a more idealistic view of man’s relationship to the land. In this painting, a train and trestle blend easily into the surrounding landscape – the train’s white smoke echoing the clouds above – creating a peaceful scene of man and nature existing in harmony.

12. Red over the Mountains as if the Forests are Dyed 萬山紅遍 by Li Keran

Li Keran is one of China’s most important artists from the late 20th century. Although trained in Western oil painting, he was known for his traditional artworks with influences from Qi Baishi and Huang Binhong, two renowned masters.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a must-see monument on any Italy trip. But if you can't make it abroad right now, enjoy this virtual tour of the tower and discover five things you'll want to know before you visit in person.

Also known as Piazza dei Miracoli (Square of Miracles), Pisa's Piazza del Duomo is located north of the Arno river in the Tuscany region of Italy.

Although most people go straight to the Leaning Tower, the largest feature in the Piazza is actually the Duomo Pisa (the Pisa cathedral).

Although this seems tall, if you compare it to the Eiffel Tower (which stands at 300 meters) it is perhaps not as high as you might think. Rather than height, it's the tower's marble-white beauty and, of course, its strange tilt, which have made it so famous.

Did you know that before the tower was restored in 2001, it was even more tilted - an angle of 5.5 degrees? After the restoration work it was straightened slightly to make a safer angle and to ensure it didn't collapse.

Despite it looking like it might fall over at any moment, you can safely climb all the way to the top of the tower. You won't get vertigo on this virtual tour, but make sure you've got a head for heights when you visit in person.

Throughout history, timekeeping has played a crucial role in the success of the human race. Although the degree of precision has increased over time, we’ve always crafted chronological devices with style, flair, and ingenuity.

Scroll to learn about eight of the coolest clocks from the past to the present. 

This exquisite example of a water clock was crafted sometime between 664 and 30 BCE. The vessel behind the monkey was filled with water, which then drained out below him at a consistent rate.

As the water flowed out, an observer could check the level of the remaining water to see how much time had passed. This sculpture is thought to be an offering to the Egyptian god Thoth.

Sundials are among the oldest known methods for measuring time, with examples appearing as early as 1500 BCE. In fact, they were the primary method for keeping track of local time until the invention of mechanical clocks.

Even after the inception of the clock, sundials remained useful, and some people still use them today. This superb sundial and compass was crafted in 1748 by Jacob Emanuel Laminit.

Some of the first mechanical clocks were striking clocks, which rang a bell to mark the hours. Like this bell tower in Chinon, France, some early clocks only told time by chiming. Click to explore using Street View...but if you’re looking for a clock face, you won’t find it.

Ismail al-Jazari was an engineer, artist, and inventor during the Islamic Golden Age. Pictured here is a reproduction of one of his most famous inventions: The Elephant Clock. Try to guess how this fabulous clock works, then watch the video below to see if you got it right!

As with many other forms of art and fields of study, the Renaissance heralded a new era in chronographs. This spherical table watch is one of the earliest known watches, commissioned in 1530 by German reformer and theologian Philip Melanchthon.

The watch serves as a testament to the craftsmanship of artisans at the time, from the miniaturization of the complex movements of mechanical clocks, to the delicate engraving. The holes in the hinged lid even allowed Melanchthon to check the time when closed.

This impressively luxurious ship-shaped table ornament, or nef,  features a mechanical organ and drum, almost a dozen canons, mechanisms for movement, and a working clock built into the ship's bridge.

Onboard, automata parade in a circle around the seated emperor, the canons fire, the music blares, and the ship scurries across the table. Amidst all the theatrics, almost buried, is the clock face, but the ship’s mates also ring chimes to mark the time.

This 18th-century French alcove clock, or pendule d’alcove, is an exemplary specimen of the Rococo designs popular in its era.

Designed by Juste-Aurèle Meissonnier, one of the innovators of the ornamental style, this clock features swooping curves and intricate sculptures, all immaculately gilded. 

Can you imagine this elegant timepiece hanging in your entryway?

As our understanding of the world around us grew, so did our ability to create precise timekeeping methods. Observations of the atomic world allowed scientists to make a clock which uses the vibrations of energized atoms to measure time.

Just like the constant flow of water or the movement of a pendulum, atoms can vibrate at consistent, predictable rates. Cesium-133, an isotope of a soft metal element, is made up of atoms which vibrate at a frequency that lines up exactly with the length of a second!

This clock, made in 1955 by English physicists Louis Essen and J.V.L Parry, is the first working atomic clock. While this prototype stands almost as tall as its creators, we now have atomic clocks as small as microchips!