Ceremonial mask (biola)

When the Portuguese reached Timor around 1500, attracted by its stands of sandalwood, they found dozens of independent warring chiefdoms. On the western half of the island, these included the Atoni, the indigenous inhabitants, and the Tetum (or Belu) peoples who had invaded Timor in the preceding century. The two groups have produced Timor's most distinguished sculpture and textiles.

The age and function of masks from Timor are now uncertain. The characteristic patina, which often includes an accumulation of soot, suggests they were stored for many years in the lofts of traditional houses, probably as power-laden family heirlooms. One example was reportedly worn in ceremonies that followed a military victory. Animal skin and hair often frame these masks, and the tiny nails protruding from the perimeter of this one may have originally secured a beard or similar attachments. Although the eyes are usually hollow, the eyes of this mask are inset with two shells that differ in color. The contrast creates a disturbing asymmetry that heightens the intensity of its primal stare.

"Dallas Museum of Art: A Guide to the Collection," page 71