Interspecies architecture

Animals, just like people, are city dwellers. They occupy green spaces, as well as human-made buildings and constructions, creating what we called “interspecies estates”. When designing architectural details, one can take into account birds as possible tenants. Embodiments of this idea can be found in Turkey, where Ottoman architects constructed miniature bird palaces on walls of buildings and bridges. In many historical European buildings birds nest in putlog holes.