Polonia 1863 (Poland Enchained)

The painting is an allegory of the fall of the January Uprising (1863–1864), instigated by three nations: Polish, Ruthenian and Lithuanian against Tsarist Russia. Visible in the center, a young woman in a mourning dress, with her hands on the anvil, personifies Poland, and the woman in white, torn away by violence, is the personification of Russia. Lying in a pool of blood, at the feet of the tsarist officers, the woman's corpse is the epitome of Lithuania.