Scene from the Great Harris Papyrus: Ramesses III before the gods of Memphis

At forty-two metres this is one of the longest papyri still in existence from ancient Egypt. Papyrus documents are made from the papyrus reed, which was common in the Nile valley but relatively expensive. The text is written in hieratic, a handwritten adaptation of hieroglyphs for the medium of ink and brush on papyrus.

The Great Harris papyrus is divided into five sections. The first three sections describe the donations made by King Ramesses III (1184-1153 BC) to the gods and temples of Thebes, Heliopolis and Memphis. Each of the three sections alternate with an illustration showing the king making offerings to the main gods from these cult centres. The images are accompanied by hieroglyphic labels.

In this frame we see King Ramses III depicted in full regalia before the triad of the ancient city of Memphis; Ptah, the patron of craftsmen, his consort the lion-headed goddess Sekhmet, and Nefertum, god of the lotus. The king is adorned with emblems of kingship such as the royal 'nemes' wig cover with upreared cobra, crook and flail, and a stylized bull's tail attached to the back of his pleated kilt.
The next section of the papyrus deals with a number of minor temples. The final section recounts the historical events of the reign. It also lists the possessions of all the great temples at the time of the king’s death. The text presents the chaos at the beginning of the Twentieth Dynasty (about 1186-1069 BC) including battles and other foreign expeditions. This section is clearly idealised, glorifying the king rather than presenting a trustworthy historical narrative. Nonetheless, it does contain many important pointers to the history of the reign. The account ends with the death of Ramesses III and the accession of his son Ramesses IV (1153-1147 BC).

The papyrus is named after A.C. Harris who purchased it in 1855. The provenance is uncertain although the workmen’s village Deir el-Medina, on the Theban west bank (present day Luxor) has been suggested.