Peterloo and Protest
This exhibition was part of the national commemorations marking 200 years since the Peterloo Massacre in Manchester in 1819.
Peterloo Commemorative Glass (19th Century) by UnknownPeople's History Museum
What happened on the day?
Men, women and children walked from towns and villages in and around Greater Manchester. Some walking nearly 30 miles. Many had come especially to see the famous Henry Hunt speak on the need for electoral reform.
This rare glass painting shows the Manchester authorities violently dispersing the crowd.
Although different sources give different estimates of the numbers attending the meeting and the numbers killed and injured, it seems likely that 60,000 people attended the meeting, 18 people were killed and around 700 were injured.
This painting is of the central part of a famous print The Peterloo Massacre published by radical printer Richard Carlile in 1819. Our research suggests it was probably done by a local artist a few years after the massacre. This type of glass painting was a popular art form in the early 19th century, often displayed in pubs and homes.
Purchased by People’s History Museum with assistance from The National Lottery Heritage Fund Collecting Cultures programme.
Universal Suffrage or the Scum Uppermost cartoon by George Cruikshank (1819)People's History Museum
The Demand for Reform
In 1819 around 2% of the British population had the right to vote and Manchester did not have its own Member of Parliament (MP). Wages had halved since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and rising food prices left many unable to afford basic foods like bread. The people wanted a voice and the demand for representation in parliament was growing.
This engraving was printed one month before the Peterloo Massacre. It was designed to warn of the dangers of giving more people the vote and potential revolution.
The monster in the print represents radical reform; it stands victorious over the cherished British institutions of the arts, royalty and religion.
Hostility and fear was growing amongst those loyal to the government and opposed to reform. On 21 July 1819 the Manchester’s magistrates announced the formation of a Loyal Association to combat ‘the attempts of seditious men to overturn the Constitution and to involve us in the miseries of a Revolution’.
Purchased by People’s History Museum with assistance from The National Lottery Heritage Fund Collecting Cultures programme.
Mrs Mabbott’s Dress (1819) by UnknownPeople's History Museum
The Women at Peterloo
The yeomanry explicitly targeted women during the gruesome dispersal. More than 25% of all casualties were female, even though they comprised only 12% of those present. Women active in the reform movement of the time dressed distinctively in white cotton as a symbol of their virtue.
Mary Fildes, President of the Manchester Female Reform Society, was herself truncheoned by special constables when she refused to let go of the flag she was carrying.
A Mrs Mabbott wore this dress on 16 August 1819. She was a confectionary shop owner from Shude Hill. Rather than being an active participant in the protest, our research suggests that Mrs Mabbott was caught up in the violence of the day.
A silk dress with bodice was expensive and not likely to have been worn by any of the many female reformers present. However, it does show how much the chaos of day spread through the city centre.
On loan from Manchester Art Gallery, a gift from Miss A Sherlock, 1948.
Portrait of Hugh Hornby Birley, Captain of the Manchester and Salford Yeomanry (19th Century) by UnknownPeople's History Museum
The Violence of the Massacre
The magistrates read the Riot Act but nobody heard. The crowd panicked when the yeomanry rode in on horses armed with sabres. They slashed and hacked at men, women and children in an attempt to arrest Henry Hunt and break up the meeting.
The Manchester and Salford Yeomanry were a force of volunteer soldiers working for local government leaders. They were made up mostly of local businessmen and were hostile to the reformers.
Hugh Hornby Birley, Manchester mill owner
and captain of the yeomanry, ordered the soldiers into the crowd. More than 300 harrowing eyewitness accounts provide a powerful testimony of the brutality of events on the day. Within these accounts Hugh Hornby Birley’s cruelty and violence was often noted. This portrait shows off his wealth and power. We do not have similar portraits for the ordinary protestors at Peterloo.
Gift from Dr Rick Birley, 2018 with assistance from The National Lottery Heritage Fund Collecting Cultures programme.
A Slap at Slop and The Bridge Street Gang (1821) by William HonePeople's History Museum
The Radical Press
Many braved the oppressive Six Acts, to express their anger in print. The radical press played an important role in keeping the reform movement going. The Manchester Guardian newspaper (now known as The Guardian national newspaper) began in 1821 as a direct consequence of what happened at St Peter’s Field.
The attempt to silence government critics only encouraged journalists to develop inventive new ways of conveying the message of reform.
William Hone was an English radical writer and publisher active in the early 19th century. In partnership with illustrator George Cruikshank, Hone published a number of political works, most of which aimed to highlight the abuses of political office.
Hone and Cruikshank’s A Slap at Slop was first published in 1821 as a short satirical news sheet. Most notably, it covers the Peterloo Massacre, featuring a satirical design for both a monument and medal for the soldiers of Peterloo.
On loan from the Working Class Movement Library, purchased with assistance from The National Lottery Heritage Fund Collecting Cultures programme.
The Skelmanthorpe flag (19th Century) by UnknownPeople's History Museum
What happened next?
Despite widespread public sympathy in response to the massacre, the government’s immediate response was to toughen laws, which limited the freedoms of both the public and the press. The new legislation became known as the Six Acts.
Even with these new oppressive laws, people continued to meet in secret in support of reform.
This flag is one of the most impressive survivors from these times. It had to be hidden between meetings and buried in a specially made box. Anyone found in possession of it would have been arrested. It is believed to have been made in 1819 by a Mrs Bird, a pattern maker from Radcliffe Street in Skelmanthorpe, a village near Huddersfield, to honour the victims of the Peterloo Massacre.
The bound man is a depiction of a slave in chains. The use of this symbol reflects the influence of the abolition movement on the new struggles for democracy in Britain.
On loan from Tolson Museum, Huddersfield.
Pontefract Secret Ballot Box (1872) by UnknownPeople's History Museum
The Road to Reform
The Peterloo Massacre was a key milestone on the road to democratic reform. The massacre was a catalyst for subsequent generations campaigning for change.
This ballot box is a testament to one of the many milestones that came after Peterloo. The 1872 Secret Ballot Act allowed voters to elect a Member of Parliament (MP) in secret by placing an ‘X’ on a ballot paper next to the name of their choice, rather than voicing their vote in public beneath the gaze of employers or landlords.
This ballot box was used in the first ever election held after the passing of the act, during a by-election in Pontefract, West Yorkshire in August 1872. The box is still marked with the seals used to ensure the votes were not tampered with. The seal was made with a liquorice stamp, the same liquorice used to make Pontefract cakes in a local sweet factory.
On loan from Wakefield Council.
Peterloo Commemorative Medal (1819) by UnknownPeople's History Museum
Commemorating Peterloo
As well as political prints and poems, everyday items such as ceramic jugs and handkerchiefs immortalised and commemorated Peterloo. Such items showed the owner’s support of the reform cause, and helped sustain the memories of its martyrs.
There were a number of commemorative medals produced following the massacre, however, this medal is believed to be one of the only surviving examples of its kind. It features a much more hostile and angry slogan than medals produced later.
It is thought that the medal may have been produced to raise funds for the victims of the massacre, although this is unconfirmed.
Purchased by People’s History Museum with assistance from The National Lottery Heritage Fund Collecting Cultures programme.
Dr Rick Birley
Manchester Art Gallery
National Lottery Heritage Fund
Tolson Museum, Huddersfield
Wakefield Council
Working Class Movement Library
You are all set!
Your first Culture Weekly will arrive this week.