Images of Krishna

Select artefacts (1300 -1999) from the collection of Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India.

Krishna and Radha on a swing (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Who is Krishna?

Krishna is an icon. Krishna is an emotion. Krishna is a favourite god. Krishna is the eighth avatar of Lord Vishnu in Hinduism. His life is full of episodes, meaningful feats and also play collectively called Krishna leela. He is the dark, blue skinned lover of Radha,  and the craze of the gopis or cowherd maidens. The word Krishna means ‘dark’. Radha-Krishna is worshipped as a couple; the feminine and masculine aspects of God.  He is believed to have lived in India by at least 1000 BC. In Hindu tradition, he is mostly seen with Radha. All his wives and his lover Radha are considered in to be  the avatars of the Goddess Lakshmi, the consort of Vishnu. Gopis are taken to be Goddess Lakshmi's or Radha's manifestations.

Sri Nathji (1875/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Krishna's many forms

He has many names like Madhusudhan, Gopala, and Muralidhar among others. He is worshipped pan-India and in different forms; Shri Nathji, Jagannath, Thakurji among others.  He is the advisor to Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra in the Mahabharata. He is revered outside India as well.
The HarivamsaBhagavata Purana and Vishnu Purana relate to the story of his life.

Yashoda with Balakrishna (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum

The young Krishna

Krishna was born in Mathura in North India, to Devaki and Vasudev but had to be taken across the Yamuna to Vrindavan to Yashoda and Nanda’s foster care due to the evil plans of his uncle Kamsa, who planned to kill him, as he had killed other children before him due to a prediction that his sister Devaki’s child would finish his life. Two of Krishna's siblings also survive, namely Balarama and Subhadra. Krishna's childhood and youth are spent as a cow herder, a prankster, but loved by people in both Gokul and Vrindavan, whose flute music  enthralled all. Krishna lifts the Govardhan hill to protect the people of Vrindavan from torrential rains. He saves them from Kaliya, the snake. He is a playful lover of the gopis or cowherd girls of Vrindavan, especially Radha.

Krishna and Balarama Being Driven by Akrura to Mathura, Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) (circa 1730) by UnknownLos Angeles County Museum of Art

Krishna as a prince

After a while Krishna goes back to Mathura and kills the tyrant king, his uncle Kamsa after facing several assassination attempts by him. He reinstates Kamsa's father, Ugrasena as the king of the Yadavas and becomes a leading prince at the court. According to another version,  Krishna after Kamsa's death leads the Yadavas to the newly built city of Dwaraka. Thereafter the Pandavas rise. Krishna befriends Arjuna and the Pandava princes of the Kuru kingdom.

Kalamkari curtain (1875/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Krishna's timeless sermon

As per the epic Mahabharata, Krishna becomes Arjuna's charioteer for the Kurukshetra War. Upon arrival at the battlefield and seeing that the enemies are his family, his grandfather, and his cousins, Arjuna does not want to fight and wants to put down his bow. Krishna then  advises him on aspects  of life, ethics, and morality when one is faced with a war between good and evil, the impermanence of matter, the permanence of the soul and the good, duties and responsibilities, the nature of peace and bliss and the different types of yoga to reach this state of bliss and inner liberation. This conversation between Krishna and Arjuna is a discourse called the Bhagavad Gita.  

Vasant ragini (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Krishna in Indian Art

Lord Krishna has been depicted in art on all media. He has been carved out of wood, ivory, stone, terracotta, bamboo and metal alloys like bronze. He is a favourite subject in miniature paintings of all Schools across India. Textiles like the picchwai celebrate Krishna and the the gopis along with cows, and are placed behind the main idol in temples of Rajasthan especially Nathdwara. The Kalamkari and Batik textiles have also depicted Lord Krishna and episodes from his life. Radha-Krishna has been a popular subject to illustrate Ragamala paintings and texts like the Rasikapriya, Rasamanjari and Geeta Govinda. The Bhagavata Purana and other texts connected to Krishna have illustrations that portray Krishna in different situations.

The entrance to Dewan DeodiSalar Jung Museum

The Salar Jung Museum Collection

The Salar Jung Museum has Krishna images in all media including many miniature paintings from different Schools. There is wood, stone, ivory, terracotta among others. He has been depicted on household objects too. His image figures on ornate furniture to add a certain piety to to the item. Lord Krishna figures in picchwai, Kalamkari textiles from Andhra Pradesh and batik textile painting. A few modern paintings relate episodes from his life as well.  

Let us take a journey through these artworks of this favourite and much revered God of India!

Yashoda with Balakrishna (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Yashoda and Balakrishna

Painting represents Krishna's foster mother Yashoda in the balcony of her house, looking over her son stretched on the floor. On the right stand a couple, their hands stretched up in greeting. Their garments have gold tints, from Mysore, dated to the 19th century.

Balakrishna with gopis (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Balakrishna with 'gopis'

Painting to represent the seated Balakrishna holding a pot of butter in his left hand, attended by cowherd maidens, the gopis, musicians and cows in yellow, gold, white colours in relief, fitted in a wooden frame, from Tanjore, dated to the 19th century.

Muralikrishna (1900/1999)Salar Jung Museum

Muralikrishna

Coloured figure of Krishna playing the flute, standing on an ornate rectangular pedestal, made in papier mache, dated to the 20th century.

Nutcracker (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Nutcracker

A bronze nut-cracker shaped to represent Krishna and a gopi, as the two halves of the cutter. The handle portion terminates into pots on either side, dated to the 19th century.

Dancing Radha and Krishna (1900/1999)Salar Jung Museum

Radha-Krishna

Radha-Krishna in a dancing pose. Figures are on a four legged ornate pedestal, made in sandalwood, from Karnataka, dated to the 20th century.

Dana leela (1800/1825)Salar Jung Museum

Krishna and 'gopi'

Painting depicts Krishna holding the hand of a milk-maid who is carrying a basket with three milk pots. A depiction of Dana- leela wherein Krishna demands a tax or toll from the gopis, the cowherd maidens of Vrindavan, from Kangra, dated to the 19th century.

Krishna with consort (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Krishna with consort

A wooden sculpture of Lord Krishna with his consort painted all over. Upper left hand of the god is kept on the head of his consort, right hand is across which she is holding, from South India, dated to the 19th century.

Krishna entreating Radha (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum

Krishna entreating Radha

Krishna entreating Radha who was his favourite gopi. Five tall cypress trees are in the background, miniature painting from Kishangarh, dated to the 18th century.

Wooden bench (1875/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Wooden bench

Carved ornate wooden bench with handle carved to represent Krishna figure, from South India, dated to the late 19th century.

Lord Krishna Playing Holi (19th Century)Salar Jung Museum

Krishna playing Holi with Radha and 'gopis'

Painting showing Holi festival. Krishna with Radha and a group of gopis, the cowherd maidens of Vridavan playing Holi, from the Deccan, dated to the 19th century.

Govardhan-dhari (1300/1399)Salar Jung Museum

Govardhan-dhari

Eight handed Krishna with two hands positioned to hold the flute, one right hand holds the gada or mace, another right hand supports an upper structure, probably Govardhan hill with a finger. Two cows down the pedestal.  Three devotees on the pedestal. A kneeling devotee on the centre down the pedestal, made in bronze, from Western India, dated to the 14th century.

Radha Krishna on a swing (1850/1850)Salar Jung Museum

Radha Krishna on a swing

Lord Krishna and Radha on a swing surrounded by gopis, the cowherd maidens, tree designs painted in the background in dark green colour, peacocks and parrots on the trees. A depiction of Rag Hindola, miniature painting from Jaipur, dated to circa 1850.

Lord Krishna with consorts (1875/1899)Salar Jung Museum

Lord Krishna with consorts

Krishna playing flute in a garden attended by a number of gopis, the cowherd maidens of Braj on either side and cows and cowherds below. The scene is being witnessed by the gods from the sky with their consorts. a pichhwai from Rajasthan, dated to late 19th century.

Krishna and Radha (1900/1999) by M.A KharimSalar Jung Museum

Lord Krishna and Radha

Lord Krishna is depicted playing on his flute. Radha carrying milk pots on her head. Another gopi, a cowherd maiden is also carrying pots, modern painting by M.A.Kharim, dated to the 20th century.

Scene from Bhagavata Purana (1610/1610) by GovindaSalar Jung Museum

Scene from Bhagavata Purana

An illustration from Bhagavata Purana depicts a blue-skinned Krishna, conversing with a male devotee, Sanskrit inscription on  the painting, painted by Govinda,  from Gujarat dated to circa 1610. 

Credits: Story

Text and Curation: Soma Ghosh
Photography: M. Krishnamurthy and Bahadur Ali
Research Assistance: Dinesh Singh and E. Rajesh
Special thanks to Dr. A Nagender Reddy, Director, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, 

References –
1. Banerjee, P (1978), The life of Krishna in Indian art, New Delhi:National Museum.
2. Hutchins, Francis.G (1980) Young Krishna, New Hampshire: The Amarta Press.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna#Life_and_legends

Credits: All media
The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content.
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