The Jewels of Our Rivers, Korean Endemic Freshwater Fish

Meet five species of freshwater fish that live only in Korea

Contest winner (wait) by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

Korea's streams, rivers, and reservoirs are home to 214 species of freshwater fish, some of which are unique to Korea. These are called 'Korean endemics' or 'Korean specialties'. There are 64 species of freshwater fishes endemic to Korea. The largest number of species belongs to Cyprinidae, fellowed by  Cobitidae,  Amblycipitidae,  Bagridae, Eleotridae,  Siluridae,  Salangidae,  and Salmonidae.

Contest Winner by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

Endemic species in Korea reflect the ecological characteristics of the region and the results of evolution. They don't just add to the biodiversity of an area. They maintain ecosystem balance and also serve as important indicators of natural environmental health. 

The freshwater fish endemic to Korea, the Korean spined bittering, oily bitterling, Korean spine loach, Korea oily shinner, and Slender shinner, each has unique ecological characteristics and beauty.

Acanthorhodeus chankaensis by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

Korean spined bittering (Acanthorhodeus chankaensis)

Korean spined bittering is endemic to Korea, where it was registered as a new species in 1908. It inhabits in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with slow water flow, where the bottom is muddy. Its body length is about 6 to 10 centimeters, and its body shape is oval with a flattened side and a slightly elevated body.

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Korean spined bittering by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

The entire body is silvery white and glossy, with a slightly bluish-green color on the dorsal side. During the spawning season, males develop a white band on their anal fin. The name was given a spines because it was characterized by strong scales like spines.

Korean spined bittering looks similar to the Deep body bittering (Acanthorhodeus macropterus), but is distinguished by its dorsal fin.  Korean spined bittering has a dorsal fin with white tip, and Deep body bittering has a black-tipped dorsal fin.

oily bitterling by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

Oily bitterling (Acheilognathus koreensis)

Oily bitterling was first known to inhabit the Korean Peninsula in 1936. It was known to be the same species as the Japanese oily bitterling(Tanakia limbata), but was reported as a new species in 1990 based on morphological differences.

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oily bitterling by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

It is a small fish with a body length of about 5 to 8 centimeters, but individuals over 10 centimeters are occasionally found. It has a pair of mouth whiskers, large eyes and scales. There is no distinct pattern on body, but during the spawning season in May, the center of the male's body turns dark green, and a wide band of black and pale yellow develops on the edges of the dorsal and anal fins.

It prefers aquatic vegetation and stony areas in streams with gentle currents. It is omnivorous, feeding on aquatic insects and attached algae. Spawning season is April through June. The species lays eggs in shells clams using a spawning tube.

Korean spine loach by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

Korean spine loach (Iksookimia koreensis)

Among Korea's endemic species, the Korean spine loach is special. Most of Korea's endemic fish have been discovered and published by foreign scholars, but the  Korean spine loach was officially reported by a Korean scholar in the Journal of the Korean Society of Limnology in 1975.

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Korean spine loach by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

The body length is about 7 to 10 centimeters, and the head and body are shaped like a long rod that is thick and slightly flattened on the sides. It has three pairs of whiskers at the corners of its mouth and small two-pronged spines under its eyes called  suborbital spines. 

It has an irregular cloud-like mottled pattern on its back.

The tail fin has small dark brown spots. The dorsal and caudal fins have three to four rows of horizontal stripes. They inhabit sand gravel or stony bottoms with smooth currents and cold, clear water. Spawning season is June and July, and eggs hatch within 50 hours after fertilization.

Korea oily shiner by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

Korea oily shiner (Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis morii)

Korea oily shiner is endemic to Korea, registered as a new species in 1925 based on a specimen obtained from Pyongyang. The body is long and cylindrical, about 10 to 16 cm long, but flattens toward the back. 

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Korea oily shiner by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

The body is greenish-brown overall, with irregular blackish-brown spots scattered throughout. 

The dorsal fin has a blackish-brown stripe below and at the tip. The mouth is small and horseshoe-shaped. They live near the bottom of rivers and reservoirs with gentle currents and feed on aquatic insects, crustaceans, and live worms. They are very sensitive to sounds and disturbances and will hide under aquatic vegetation or stones when they hear a sound.

Spawning season is May and June. Males have yellowish fins and females have spawning tubes coming out from under their bellies.

Coreoleuciscus splendidus by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

Slender shinner (Coreoleuciscus splendidus)

Slender shinner is a species endemic to Korea that was reported as a new species in 1935 when an individual was collected from Han River.  It is about 7 to 10 centimeters long, and its body is beautiful and sleek, so it has been called by different names in many regions.

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Slender shinner by Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological ResourcesNakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources

It has a wide yellow band down the center of its sides, flanked by bands of orange, purple, and deep indigo, giving it a beautiful, almost rainbow-striped clothes appearance. 

There is a black stripe from the tip of the snout to the gill covers. 

All fins have 1-2 black patterns on them. They live in shoals in clear, fast-flowing streams in south-central Korea. The spawning season is from April to May, and the eggs are laid under large stones in the rapids and hatch within four days after fertilization.

These endemic freshwater fish are living jewels of the Korean ecosystem that have evolved in our rivers, lakes, and wetlands over the years. We hope that our efforts to preserve their value and beauty will continue.

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