What is jade?
The word jade conjures an image of a translucent material which has most probably turned into a beautiful object. Though jade is available in many colours different shades of green are uppermost in people’s minds. This exhibit traces the history of jade along with exploring its nature as a mineral rock. In the hands of craftsmen this unique substance gets transformed into a beautiful work of art.
History of Jade
Jade has been treasured since yore and fashioned since neolithic times from 7000 years ago in China. Since jade is a precious mineral, only royals and rich merchants could afford to own jade. The Chinese emperors received jade and supported the fashioning of jade. Private enterprise for the same also did exist for the craft. Persia and Europe has produced Jade objects as well. Jade seems to have been crafted into objects in the Indian subcontinent from pre-Mughal times though it gained prominence from the reign of Emperor Jahangir who was passionate about jades.
Mystique of Jade
Jade is a fascinating mineral and has attracted craftsmen and royals of yore to fashion and craft different objects of utility and pristine beauty. It has a soft translucent appearance yet inherently tough. There are unusual colours among jade stones. Though thought of as mainly as different shades of green, it comes in white, cream and black too.
The power of jade
It was believed to possess special properties like bestowing long life to body and soul. Jade was thought to cure ailments of the kidneys and have protective powers. People carried jade objects as good luck symbols. Jade is referred to across the East as the Stone of Heaven. A variety of Jade resembles the colours of the neck of the kingfisher bird, a beautiful bottle-green hue.
Processing of Jade
The craftsmen held the piece of jade in one hand and applied abrasive with the other. Smaller discs were employed to smoothen the body of the object. Later on, the design was drawn on the smooth body of the stone by a master craftsman. Craftsmen executed the design using various tools, such as a wire saw, drills and a grinding wheel. The diamond drills played very significant role in scooping out inner portions and preparing loops, ring handles and chains etc. out of a single piece.
Processing of jade
The stage of polishing was to provide a glossy surface to an object of art.The work of polishing was completed with the help of wooden and leather polishing wheels of different sizes. For more inaccessible areas small plugs cut from a gourd were used. A coat of wax could also be applied in polishing to achieve the desired results.
The Salar Jung Museum Collection
The Salar Jung Museum houses Indian and Chinese jades along with some European and Persian jade objects. The large fantastic collection represents a good variety in terms of the type of jade and category, as either an item of beauty or utility or sometimes both.
Let's have a look at some rare, unique, translucent, opulent and beautiful jades!
Quran stand (1201/1299)Salar Jung Museum
Holy Quran stand - 'R'ehl'
A carved miniature Holy Quran stand in jade, inscribed with Shamshuddin Altamash Badshah and 607 Hijri which dates to the 13th century. The 'tree of life' motif is depicted on this rare r'ehl.
Trinket box (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Trinket box
Octagonal trinket box with lid of grape- coloured jade inlaid with red, green and colourless stones set in gold wire to represent flower patterns in panels. The base is joined to the box with gold wire. This box is dated to the 17th century.
Three Salar Jungs (1901/1999)Salar Jung Museum
Screen shaped photo frame
Grape-coloured jade miniature screen in three folds with jaali work or pierced design and silver hinges fitted with the circular photographs of the three Salar Jungs. It is dated to the 20th century.
Spice box (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Spice box
Grape coloured spice box shaped like a leaf in three compartments, detachable lid set with red and green stones in gold wire. It is dated to the 17th century.
Jahangir (17th century)Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art
Emperor Jahangir with wine cup
Jade seems to have been crafted into objects in the Indian sub-continent from pre-Mughal times though it gained prominence from the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir who was passionate about jades.
Wine cup (1600/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Wine cup
Mutton-fat coloured jade wine cup encrusted with red and green stones in gold setting representing leaves, dated to the 17th century.
Hunting knife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Emperor Jahangir's hunting knife
Mutton-fat coloured hunting kard (knife) with jade handle encrusted with red, green and colourless stones, carved to represent flowers and leaves, set in gold, with a jade tassel encased in gold to match, Mughal, from the 17th century.
Hunting knife of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Emperor Jahangir's hunting knife
The hunting knife shown separately with mutton-fat coloured jade handle encrusted with red, green and colourless stones, carved to represent flowers and leaves, set in gold, with a jade tassel encased in gold to match, Mughal, from the 17th century.
Fruit knife (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Empress Noorjahan's fruit knife
Mutton-fat coloured jade handle, both ends worked in ruby enamel to represent a parrot head. Jade portion encrusted with carved emeralds set in gold depict leaves. The brocade bound scabbard is fitted with gold band sheath and ferrule with carved emeralds, Mughal, dated to the 17th century.
Fruit-knife of Mughal queen Noorjahan (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Empress Noorjahan's fruit knife
Knife shown separately with mutton- fat coloured jade handle, both ends worked in ruby enamel to represent a parrot head. Jade portion encrusted with carved emeralds set in gold depict leaves, Mughal, dated to the 17th century.
Exquisite hand mirror fitted in a octagonal dark green jade frame inlaid with white jade and red stones in front and pierced work with white jade, yellow, red and green stones and gold at the back, Mughal, dated to the 17th century.
Archery ring (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Emperor Shahjahan's archery ring
Jade archery thumb ring bears the inscription Sahib-e-Qiran-i-sani, which means 'the second lord of the conjunction'; this was a title adopted by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan in emulation of his ancestor Timur. The inscription also has a date Hijri-1040/circa 1637 A.D.
Trinket box (1601/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Trinket box
Miniature trinket box or casket used to hold jewellery; curiosities and other small precious objects with lid. It is inlaid in gild to represent floral patterns, dated to the 17th century.
Spoon (1701/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Jade spoon
Leaf shaped spoon of grape-coloured jade, carved along the shoulder and below, the knob with ribbed leaves having eight red-coloured stones around, encrusted in gold, dated to the 18th century.
'Aftaba' or ewer (1701/1799)Salar Jung Museum
'Aftaba' or Ewer
Miniature aftaba or ewer of a grape- coloured jade with lid carved to represent ribbed design. The spout depicts the carving of a leaf, dated to the 18th century.
'Aftaba' or ewer (1701/1799)Salar Jung Museum
'Aftaba' or Ewer
Miniature aftaba of a grape coloured jade with lid. The lid is shown separately which is carved to represent ribbed design. The spout depicts the carving of a leaf, dated to the 18th century.
Mutton-fat coloured jade tray shaped as a leaf with curved stalk, maybe Mughal, dated to the 17th century.
Mohnal (1701/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Mohnal
Grape-coloured jade mohnal or smoking pipe encrusted with turquoise in four bands and encrusted with colourless stones with coloured bases in gold settings, dated to the 18th century.
Spice box (1701/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Spice box
Spice box with four compartments and lid, and a separate flower shaped tray of mottled white jade.
The box and tray is inlaid in gold and encrusted with red,
green and colourless stones to represent flower
branches. This box is dated to the 18th century.
Jade bowl (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Jade bowl
Grape-coloured exquisite jade bowl with handle, carved to represent a cupped leaf, the handle shaped as a leaf on twisted stalk with two buds, dated to the 18th century.
Jade bowl (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Jade bowl
Another view of the grape-coloured jade bowl with handle carved to represent a cupped leaf; the handle shaped as a leaf on twisted stalk with two buds, the base design has a flower, dated to the 18th century.
Pendant (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Pendant
Mutton-fat coloured jade pendant inlaid in gold and encrusted with red, green and colourless stones to represent a flowering plant in a pot, dated to the 18th century.
Talwar hilt (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
'Talwar' hilt
Greyish colour jade talwar (sword) hilt with grooves for encrustation, carved with upright leaves and flutings, dated to the 18th century.
Armlet (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Armlet
Mutton-fat coloured jade armlet set in dark green jade, encrusted with red and green stones, dated to the 18th century.
Jade hilt of 'kard' or dagger (1801/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Hilt of dagger
Grape-coloured jade handle of a kard (dagger) shaped as the head of a ram, dated to the 19th century.
Green coloured jade bowl (1600/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Jade bowl
Green-coloured jade bowl shaped as the half of a fruit, carved in the inside surface with a leafy plant; the handle represents a curled stalk, dated to the 17th century.
Green coloured jade bowl (1600/1699)Salar Jung Museum
Jade bowl
Another view of the dark green-coloured jade bowl shaped as the half of a fruit, carved in the inside surface with a leafy plant; base is seen carved to represent a flower with leaves around; the handle represents a curled stalk, dated to the 17th century.
Cowrie (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Jade 'cowrie'
Mutton-fat coloured jade cowrie. Cowries have been used as dice and currency in the past. This piece is dated to the 18th century.
Text and Curation : Soma Ghosh
Photography : M. Krishnamurthy and Bahadur Ali
Research Assistance : Dinesh Singh, E. Rajesh and Vinod Kumar.
Special Thanks to Dr. A. Nagender Reddy, Director, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India.
References -
1.Jade Collection in the Salar Jung Museum/Nigam. M.L, Hyderabad:
Salar Jung Museum Board, 1979.
2. Jade /Keverne, Roger, ed. London: Anness Publishing, 1991.
3.https://www.britannica.com/topic/jade-gemstone (accessed 09.01.2023)