What is Mother-of-pearl?
Mother-of-pearl or nacre, is an organic-inorganic material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is the material of which pearls are composed. The outer layer of cultured pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussels are made of nacre.
An iridescent layer
Nacre is secreted by the epithelial cells of the mantle tissue of various molluscs, deposited onto the inner surface of the shell, the iridescent nacreous layer, commonly known as mother-of-pearl. The process is called encystation and it continues as long as the mollusc lives.
Lintel of a meeting house (pare) (1830/1849)British Museum
Use in architecture
Mother-of-pearl adds an elegant touch to interiors, on floors, walls, and ceilings. This 19th-century Maori meeting house lintel showcases its enduring appeal in architectural design.
Rangeen Mahal Ceiling, Bidar Fort (circa 14th-15th century AD) by Sultan Alla-Ud Din BahmanOriginal Source: Alosh Bennet
Rangeen Mahal ceiling
This 16th-century ceiling in Bidar Fort's Rangeen Mahal, Karnataka, India, showcases exquisite mother-of-pearl inlay work.
Pearl in jewellery
Due to its smooth texture and iridescence, mother-of-pearl and whole pearls is a popular material for jewellery. It is crafted into earrings, pendants, rings, bracelets, and brooches, as seen in this miniature painting from the Deccan, India.
Venetian Virginal (Spinetta) (1540) by UnknownThe Metropolitan Museum of Art
Mother-of-pearl in musical instruments
Nacre inlay is often used for music keys and other decorative motifs on musical instruments.
나전 칠 넝쿨 무늬 꽃 모양 반 조선|螺鈿漆唐草文菱花形盤 朝鮮|Ogival tray with decoration of floral scroll 나전 칠 넝쿨 무늬 꽃 모양 반 조선|螺鈿漆唐草文菱花形盤 朝鮮|Ogival tray with decoration of floral scroll (15th–16th century)The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Rich symbolism
Across cultures and historical periods, mother-of-pearl has symbolized purity, protection, and wealth.
The Salar Jung Museum collection
The museum has an impressive mix of mother-of-pearl works in its artefact collection. Gun powder boxes, mirror frames, in furniture, boxes of different kinds, conches, decorative pieces, in vessels, inlaid in paintings, arms, plaques, plates, dishes among others.
Inscribed Screen (1875/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Syrian inscribed Screen
This late 19th-century Syrian screen features intricate inscriptions and delicate mother-of-pearl inlay.
Ivory fan with mother-of-pearl inlay, (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Japanese ivory fan
This 19th-century Japanese fan features a mother-of-pearl handle and intricately carved ivory, depicting a group of figures.
Conch (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
Mother-of-pearl conch shell
This 20th-century English conch shell highlights the natural beauty and elegance of mother-of-pearl, showcasing its distinctive conical form.
Plate with ''The Last Supper" (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
The Last Supper
This 20th-century English mother-of-pearl plate depicts 'The Last Supper,' illustrating the use of nacre in religious art.
Fruit dish (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
Mother-of-pearl plate
This 20th-century English plate features Mother Mary, Christ, and other figures, all rendered in carved mother-of-pearl. It showcases the material's use in creating intricate religious scenes.
Holy Cross (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Syrian Holy Cross
This 19th-century Syrian wooden cross, inlaid with mother-of- pearl, features delicate wine creeper and corn stalk designs.
Plate (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
Christ's descent from the Cross
This 20th-century English mother-of-pearl plate depicts Christ's removal from the cross, surrounded by carved flower designs.
Wooden screen (1801/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Wooden screen
This 19th century wooden screen from Kashmir, India is an extraordinary example of the skill and craftsmanship of the Indian woodcarver. There are four panels inlaid with mother-of-pearl creating creepers and flowers all over.
Easy chair (1801/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Easy-chair
An wooden easy chair inlaid in mother-of-pearl, having an adjustable extending table underneath is from 19th century China.
Stool (1901/1999)Salar Jung Museum
Egyptian decorative stool
This 20th-century Egyptian stool features intricate mother-of-pearl and ivory inlays. Mythological figures such as Osiris, Isis, Horus, Ra, Anubis, and the sacred cow add a rich layer of symbolism.
Stool (1801/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Syrian decorative stool
This 19th-century Syrian stool showcases geometric inlays of ivory and mother-of-pearl, creating intricate patterns within the wood.
Musical instrument (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Musical instrument
This 19th-century Indian tambura is shaped like a crocodile. The wooden instrument features mother-of-pearl inlays and three keys. It is partly covered in leather with floral designs.
Peshqabz (dagger) (1700/1799)Salar Jung Museum
Peshqabz (dagger)
This 18th-century Indian peshqabz features a double-edged blade and a zig-zag handle made of brass, agate, and mother-of-pearl. The wooden sheath is covered in maroon velvet.
Book-stand (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Syrian book-stand
This 19th-century Syrian book-stand features a mother-of-pearl inlaid panel. The design depicts a tree, flying birds, and two fishermen.
Boat with sails (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
Mother-of-pearl boat
This 20th-century German mother-of-pearl boat features delicate sails and the inscription "Remember me."
Case (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
Mother-of-pearl case
This 20th-century English case, crafted with mother-of-pearl and brass fittings, exemplifies the elegance of nacre in everyday objects
Gun-powder box (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Indian gun-powder box
This 19th-century Indian gunpowder box features wooden construction and is entirely covered in delicate mother-of-pearl chips.
Decorative panel (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Japanese decorative panel
This 19th-century Japanese panel features delicate mother-of-pearl inlay. It depicts a serene scene of a tree, birds in flight, and two fishermen.
Vase (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
Elegant Vase
This 20th-century English vase features three mother-of-pearl pieces with painted details. It rests on a gilt silver trellis stand, showcasing a blend of materials and craftsmanship.
Gun (1800/1899)Salar Jung Museum
Ornate flintlock blunderbuss
This 19th-century Indian flintlock blunderbuss is intricately carved and inlaid with gold. Silver accents and mother-of-pearl add to its decorative appeal.
Wooden chair (1900/1950)Salar Jung Museum
Inlaid wooden chair
This 20th-century Indian wooden chair features a cane seat and elegant mother-of-pearl inlays on both the back and seat.
Text and Curation: Soma Ghosh
Photography: M. Krishnamurthy and Bahadur Ali
Research Assistance: Dinesh Singh and E. Rajesh
Special thanks to : Ms. Priyanka Mary Francis, IAS, Director, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India.
Dr. R, B. Naik, Curator, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, India.
References –
1. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftsmanship-of-mother-of-pearl-inlay-01874 (accessed on 24.04.2026)
2. https://www.britannica.com/science/mother-of-pearl-mollusk-shell-lining
(accessed on 24.04.2026)
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre (accessed on 24.04.2026)
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