During the last years of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio's short and turbulent life, a wave of emerging artists inspired by his innovative use of dark, dramatic lighting began applying this style to their own paintings. Their work brought Caravaggio's iconic painting style all the way to Spain, France, and more of his native Italy. These works by Simon Vouet in France, Juseppe (José) de Ribera in Spain, Bartolomeo Manfredi in Italy, and Caravaggio's own Italian rival during his lifetime, Giovanni Baglione, all painted into their work a newly intimate, dark, and psychologically explorative aesthetic inspired by the paintings of Caravaggio.