Crusher

Crusher (kołogniot) by E. Hoffmann Maschinenfabrik GK from the interwar period. A device for grinding / defibrating paper raw materials. Devices of this type are one of the oldest machines used to convert raw materials into paper pulp. They were first moved by the energy of water, wind (Holland) or with the help of treadmills. They consisted of large-size bowls in which one or two stone kneading wheels were placed. The wheels were spinning crushing the raw material to a mass. Until the 19th century, rags were spread in them. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, they were used to convert waste paper into pulp, which was used in the production of cardboard or thick paper.