Earth's material shaped by human hands

Tiles, mosaic and pottery - discover an unique collection of Machado de Castro National Museum

Altar frontal (17th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

This collection includes ceramics for domestic use, wall decoration and pavements. They illustrate numerous types of production from diverse sources, ranging from the 15th - 20th century. The Portuguese faience includes domestic crockery and painted wall tiles that reveal the techniques used and prevailing tastes throughout each era, notwithstanding a certain degree of originality evident particularly in two periods of more rapid development. These were the first half of the 17th century, with its oriental designs, and the second half of the 18th century, where the individual nature of the various centres of production was more marked. 

Spanish-Moorish tiles panel (1503 A.D.) by Fernan Martinez QuijarroMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

Tiles

Portuguese ceramic paving mosaic and painted wall-tiles attained a level of execution parallel only to that found in Islamic civilizations.

Heraldic plaque (16th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

Produced in Seville using the "corda seca" technique, this ceramic panel, is a rare document as it portrays the arms of Dom Jorge de Almeida, bearing his motto Nequid Nimis (In moderation). The original use for this piece and the exact site of where it was located are unknown, but it had always been in the ownership of the Bishop’s Palace before being transferred to the Museum in 1912 as part of its legacy.

The "corda seca" technic, of Moorish hispanic origin, consist on drawing the outline of the decorative motifs with the mixture of linseed oil and manganese, which prevented the colors from mixing.

Spanish-Moorish tiles panel (1503 A.D.) by Fernan Martinez QuijarroMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

These "corda seca" tiles have a similar pattern to the mudejar ceilings and were imported from Seville in 1503 to decorate the Cathedral.

Spanish-Moorish tiles panel (1503 A.D.) by Fernan Martinez QuijarroMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

The "aresta" tiles were part of the same remodeling project ordered by the Bishop, D. Jorge de Almeida.

The "aresta" technic, of Moorish hispanic origin, applies the raw clay in molds of wood or metal, forming protruding edges, which isolated the various colored glazes.

Tiles panel with singular motifs (c. 1501-1525 A.D.) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

A panel consisting of polychrome small tiles with geometrical, zoomorphic and anthropomorphic singular motifs by using "corda seca" and "aresta" techniques.

Tiles panel (c. 1590 A.D.) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

From the Cathedral and considered to be the first to be produced on a large scale in Portugal, this tile pattern combines elements that were employed separately in Italian tiles.

Altar frontal (c. 1670 A.D.) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

Altar frontal of tiles in blue, white and yellow. A fringe, blue and yellow, delimits the "cloth". In the lower plane, ducks, fishes, plants, trees and a boat appears on the surface or emerge from the water.

Typical decoration of birds and branches, centered by a Carmelite coat of arms flanked by pheasants.

Altar frontal (17th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

This altar frontal, originally from the Monastery of Lorvão, is a beautiful example of the crossing of cultures, combining themes of Indian chintz in the panels, with motifs of damask and European brocades in the frame. Altar frontals employing tiles arose following the decision of the Council of Seville in 1509, which advised against the use of luxurious fabrics in the adornment of churches.

The panels, in blue, green and yellow tones on a white background, depict delicate foliage with large flowers with magnificent petals, small leaves and fruits, and birds with long tails soaring over the scene. The lower parts of the panels are made up of a landscape with a Chinese-style pagoda and varied fauna, composed of gazelles, rabbits and ducks in movement.

Tiles panel (17th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

These tiles are from the same source as the previous ones, though more recent. They illustrate the typical Oriental-influenced "ear of corn" or "pinecone" pattern, and were produced in Lisbon.

Tiles panel of the "single figure" (17th - 18th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

Tiles of the "single figure" pattern, so typical of Coimbra production, are notable for their decorative effect. They had their origins in the Delft tiles imported from 1675.

Bottle (17th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

Pottery 

In contrast to the "azulejos" (tiles), the faience from  the 17th century was characterized by its blue and white decoration, inspired by contemporary Chinese porcelain. After 1610, merchants introduced orientalized faience into international commerce.

Pot with lid (17th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

The figurative decoration of this piece, produced in Lisbon, is very close to the original Chinese models, enabling it to be dated to the time of the earliest Portuguese production of oriental-style faience.

The exotic landscape, delimited by bands of acanthus, is proof of the fact that faience was one of the decorative arts that first showed that it was open to Oriental influences. It formerly belonged to the Teixeira de Carvalho Collection.

Bottle (17th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

This bottle is one of the rare examples produced in the 17th century. It is from a Lisbon factory, in the second evolutionary phase of 17th century Portuguese faience, notable for the combination of European and Oriental motifs. It formerly belonged to the Ameal Collection.

It is one of a series decorated with the royal coat of arms or important historical figures from the struggle that culminated in the Restoration of Independence in 1640.

Siphon (18th century) by Unknown authorMuseu Nacional de Machado de Castro

This is a very rare piece, both in its relatively naturalistic serpentine form, and in its being earthenware. It is from Coimbra, but difficult to date precisely. The arrangement of the snake scales is reminiscent of the bead motif typically used up until the last quarter of the 18th century.

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Photo: DGPC/ADF - Photographic Documentation Archive

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