Ming Dynasty bowl (1522/1566)Anastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
On the outside of this bowl, above a frieze of stylized lotus panels, is a subject known as "the three friends of winter", the pine, the bamboo, and the prune tree, which represent the three qualities of a gentleman. It is also said that this theme signifies the three religions of China, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism - the three trees representing respectively Confucius, Buddha and Laozi.
The evergreen pine is a symbol of longevity
and prosperity, by its height is a symbol of leadership. The bamboo, a Confucian symbol of eternal friendship, is also an emblem of longevity, probably due to its durability and evergreen quality. The prune, emblem of longevity and also of January, Winter, beauty and purity, is a type of tree much appreciated by the Daoists, for it is said that Laozi was born under a prune tree.
Song Dynasty bowl (0960/1279) by Jiangxi Province, Jinhdezhen furnaceAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
This exquisite bowl from the 12th century, made of white porcelain with incised decoration under a bluish-green glaze qingbai ware, is decorated inside with a long-stemmed peony. This flower was adopted for decoration during a century earlier, supplementing the lotus flower, symbol of purity which had been favoured by iconographers since the introduction of Buddhism to China.
Ming Dynasty dish (1522/1556) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
This plate is all about the search for a long life. The flying dragon, of the five claws, chases a flaming ball, the pearl, representing thunder. Round the well, four peaches alternate with bees. The peach is an emblem of marriage and symbol of immortality and Spring, and is an important ingredient for the elixir of life of the Daoists.
Ming Dynasty porcelain bottle (1573/1620) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
The body of this bottle is decorated with the motive of "the three friends of winter", the pine, the bamboo and the prunus. This became very popular during the Xuande period (1426-1435), and continued to be used during the following reigns and dynasties in a variety of the decoration arts.
Under the bulb of the bottle, which has the form of a lotus bud with petals in relief, the upper zone presents a frieze of ruyi-head. Ruyi (Chinese: 如意; literally: 'as desired; as [you] wish') is a curved decorative object that serves as a ceremonial sceptre of Buddhist monks and symbolizes power and good fortune in Chinese folklore. A traditional ruyi has a long S-shaped handle and a head fashioned like a fist, cloud, or lingzhi mushroom.
Qing Dynasty vase (1620/1683) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
Bellow the blooming chrysanthemums and peonies, two branches, one with peaches and the other with pomegranates decorate this beaker vase. Technically, it is white porcelain painted in underglaze blue with enamels "wucai" or "five colours".
Qing Dynasty platter (1662/1722) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
Copied from French silverware, this porringer was meticulously decorated in enamels of the "famille verte" palette, with touches of gold. Porcelain painted in "famille verte" enamels was extremely appreciated in Europe.
The decoration is divided into four panels which have flowers (peonies and others) and prune branches in bloom, bursting forth from rocky ground, over which insects fly.
Qing Dynasty coffee pot (1662/1722) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
The body of this ewer displays on this face a peach-shaped medallion emphasized by small flames, and contains a phonenix perched on a green rock framed by a mountain peony in blue, iron red and gold.
The five-petalled prunus bloom is considered the "national flower" of China, each petal corresponding to a clan: Chinese, Manchu, Mongol, Mohammedan and Tibetan.
Qing Dynasty basin and fountain (Qing Dynasty, Kangxi period)Anastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
This wall fountain with basin, from c. 1700, is made of porcelain painted in "famille verte" enamels. The decoration - representing water forms of life - of these two complementary pieces is related to their function.
Red and gold fish among weeds are the main decorative motifs of the upper part of this fountain, along with the lotus blossom. Fish have been of utter importance for China's millenary culture.
Crabs and fish.
Inside the basin, the marine decoration continues, while outside there are birds and flowers.
A pair of fruit bowls (1662/1722) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
Not only the decoration, but also the shape of this pair of fruit-bowls, from late 1700, is floral. These delicate and colourful pieces were used to hold pyramids of fruit placed on either side of Buddhist altars.
Qing Dynasty cooler for glasses and bottles (1662/1722) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
The "famille rose" decoration of this cooler for glasses and bottles displays on the outside four large floral compositions with peonies and other flowers. The foot has a continuous scroll of flowers and fruit, namely pomegranates and finger-shaped citrons, whence the name of 'Buddha's hand'.
Qing Dynasty fish bowls (1644/1912) by Unknown authorAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
The fish represented in the decoration of the interior of this pair of fish bowls can be associated to the actual practical function of these large objects: be the recipient of fish - usually kept in ponds - on special occasions.
Related to the hunting scenes so common during the Manchu dynasty (Qing), there are horses, dogs, leopards, birds, etc.
Jingdezhen pot (1620/1644) by Jingdezhen furnaceAnastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
This pot has on the upper register, on the shoulder, four polyploid reserves, decorated with white hare, superimposed on rock and pine, all very stylized.
As the ruyi-heads are similar to lingzhi mushroom's shape, considered the food of the daoist's immortals, the representation of the hare enphazises the spiritual meaning, as it is the hare that picks up the sacred mushoom from the moon.
Tap to explore
Now look around. Can you see the objects presented in the exhibition?
CMAG - Anastácio Gonçalves House-Museum
Lisbon
DGPC - Directorate General of Heritage and Culture
Ministry of Culture
Portugal