Votes for Women around the UK

London played a key role in the suffrage campaign. But the movement was a national one, with suffragists and suffragettes demonstrating across the country. #BehindEveryGreatCity

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Northern England

The Pankhurst family from Manchester are probably the best known British suffrage campaigners. But they weren't the only northerners demanding "Votes For Women!" Suffrage campaigners across Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Manchester and Liverpool joined the movement, campaigning locally and across the UK.

Emmeline, Christabel, Sylvia and Adela Pankhurst by Charlotte TrounceOriginal source: Mayor of London

Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel, Sylvia, and Adela founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in Manchester in 1903, before moving their campaign headquarters to London in 1906.

Flora Drummond (c.1905)Original source: LSE Library

Flora Drummond

Flora Drummond was a Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) organiser from Manchester, nicknamed The General. She was known for her daring stunts, and attending demonstrations in military style uniform. In 1906 she moved to London, where she was arrested and imprisoned in Holloway nine times. She later worked as a WSPU organiser in Edinburgh.

Helena Swanwick (1921)Original source: LSE Library

Helena Swanwick

Helena Swanwick worked as a journalist for the Manchester Guardian. She was a pacifist, an internationalist, and a member of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) and the Labour Party. From 1909-1912 Helena edited NUWSS newspaper The Common Cause.

Ellen Wilkinson by Charlotte TrounceOriginal source: Mayor of London

Ellen Wilkinson

Ellen Wilkinson was a member of the NUWSS and the Labour Party in Manchester. She was later elected MP for Middlesbrough East from 1924-1931, and as MP for Jarrow from 1935-1947.

Agnes Maude Royden (c. 1910)Original source: LSE Library

Agnes Maude Royden

Agnes Maude Royden (known as Maude) was involved with settlement work in Liverpool, and then later in London. She was a member of the NUWSS, and edited the union's newspaper, Common Cause. As a pacifist, Maude left the NUWSS over their support for the First World War. She joined the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, and the Church League for Women's Suffrage. She later campaigned for the ordination of women.

Liverpool suffragists, 1910, Original source: LSE Library
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Cumbrian suffragists (1910)Original source: LSE Library

Catherine Marshall

Originally from Harrow on the Hill, Catherine Marshall created the Keswick branch of the NUWSS, following her family's move to the Lake District. She later worked in NUWSS headquarters, before becoming actively involved with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. 

Eva McLaren by Charlotte TrounceOriginal source: Mayor of London

Eva McLaren

Eva McLaren was a leading member of the Women's Liberal Federation, and a poor law guardian in Bradford. 

Southampton suffragists (1911)Original source: LSE Library

Southern England and the Midlands

While London was the centre of the English women's suffrage movement, women in other parts of southern England and the Midlands also played vital roles.

Edith How-Martyn (c. 1910)Original source: LSE Library

Edith How-Martyn

Edith How-Martyn was a suffragette and birth control campaigner from Middlesex (now part of north west London). She was a co-founder of the Women's Freedom League (WLF). In 1926, she founded the Suffragette Fellowship to document and promote the history of the militant suffrage campaign.

Dora Montefiore, Charlotte Trounce, Original source: Mayor of London
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Dora Montefiore was a member of the Women’s Local Government Society and campaigned in Sussex. She later joined the WSPU and the Women's Tax Resistance League.

Catherine Osler, 1910, Original source: LSE Library
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Catherine Courtauld Osler was President of the Birmingham Women's Suffrage Society. From 1911, she was a member of the executive committee of the NUWSS.

Scottish suffragists (c. 1906-1914)Original source: LSE Library

Scotland

Although Scotland's role in the suffrage movement is often overlooked, in the 1870s Edinburgh was home to one of the earliest suffrage societies in the UK. The WSPU started a Glasgow branch in 1906, and in 1909 hundreds of suffragist campaigners held a demonstration in Edinburgh.

Priscilla Bright McLaren (c.1890)Original source: LSE Library

Priscilla Bright McLaren

Born in Lancashire, Priscilla Bright McLaren was the founder of the Edinburgh Women's Suffrage Society, in 1867, and an executive member of the NUWSS. She was an anti-slavery campaigner, and helped to link the anti-slavery cause with the movement for women's suffrage.

Suffrage procession in Edinburgh (1910)Original source: LSE Library

Annot Robinson by Charlotte TrounceOriginal source: Mayor of London

Annot Robinson

Born in Montrose, Scotland, Annot Robinson was the first secretary of the Dundee branch of the WSPU. She became a paid organiser for the NUWSS in 1911. Annot was a pacifist during the First World War, and became a full-time organiser for the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).

Elsie Inglis (1914/1918)Original source: LSE Library

Elsie Inglis

Elsie Inglis was a Scottish doctor and suffragist. She was secretary of the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage, and helped to form the Scottish Federation of Women's Suffrage Societies. 

Scottish Women's Hospital staff (1915/1918)Original source: LSE Library

Elsie was also a member of the Women's Liberal Foundation, and founder of the Scottish Women's Hospital.

She trained to be a doctor in Sophia Jex-Blake’s Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women.

Chrystal MacMillan (1908/1914)Original source: LSE Library

Chrystal MacMillan

Chrystal MacMillan was a barrister, peace activist, and internationalist. She was vice-president of the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage, and was on the executive committee of the NUWSS. In the 1935 election she stood (unsuccessfully) as the Liberal candidate for Edinburgh North.

Edinburgh suffragists, c. 1910, Original source: LSE Library
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Hyde Park rally, London (1908-06-21) by Lloyd, Edward Ltd (photographer)Original source: LSE Library

Wales

The first stirrings of the Welsh suffrage movement began in 1866, when 26 signatories signed Wales' first women's suffrage petition. Like elsewhere though, campaigning really began in earnest in the 1890s and early 1900s.

Margaret Haig by Charlotte TrounceOriginal source: Mayor of London

Margaret Haig

Margaret Haig Thomas (known as Mrs Humphrey Mackworth during the suffrage years) was secretary of the Newport branch of the WSPU. From 1911 she was president of the Cymric Suffrage Union, and later vice-president of the London Society for Women’s Suffrage. On the death of her father in 1918, Margaret succeeded his title as Viscountess Rhondda. She launched Time and Tide magazine in 1920 and the Six Point Group, a gender equality campaigning group, the following year.

Edith Mansell Moullin (1912) by Church Socialist LeagueOriginal source: LSE Library

Edith Mansell-Moullin

Although raised in London, Edith Mansell-Moullin was proud of her parents' Welsh roots and formed the Cymric Suffrage Union (CSU) to secure the vote for Welsh women. The CSU was based in London, but had branches across Wales and distributed pamphlets in Welsh.

Child holding suffrage placard (1907/1914)Original source: LSE Library

Ireland

Ireland was part of Britain until 1922, and women from both the north and south of Ireland signed the 1866 women’s suffrage petition. The Irish Women's Suffrage Society (IWSS), founded by Louie Bennet, had a policy of constitutional, non-militant, non-party campaigning (like Millicent Fawcett's NUWSS), while the Irish Women's Franchise League (IWFL) had more in common with the militant tactics preferred by the WSPU. However, the issue of Irish nationalism and home rule sparked tensions between English and Irish suffragists, with WSPU leaders like Christabel Pankhurst insisting: "No votes for women, no Home Rule." 

Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington by Charlotte TrounceOriginal source: Mayor of London

Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington

Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington was a suffragist and Irish nationalist, born in County Cork and raised in Dublin. She founded the Irish Women's Franchise League (IWFL). The IWFL used militant tactics, smashing the windows of Dublin's General Post Office, the Custom House, and Dublin Castle. Hanna and her fellow suffragettes were all arrested and imprisoned for 1-6 months.

Frances Power Cobbe (c. 1894)Original source: LSE Library

Frances Power Cobbe

Frances Power Cobbe was an Irish social reformer, anti-vivisectionist, and a campaigner for women's rights. Although she died in 1904, Frances was involved in earlier campaigns including John Stuart Mill's 1866 petition for women's suffrage, and the Married Women's Property Act.

Charlotte Despard (1911-06-17) by Barratt, A (photographer)Original source: LSE Library

Charlotte Despard

Charlotte Despard was an Irish social reformer and founding member of the Irish Women's Franchise League. She was a member of the NUWSS, then the WSPU, and later founded the Women's Freedom League, becoming its first president.

Eva Gore-Booth (c. 1897)Original source: LSE Library

Eva Gore-Booth

Irish aristocrat and poet Eva Gore-Booth was in a lesbian relationship with Manchester-based suffragist and trade unionist Esther Roper. She was also the the younger sister of Constance Gore-Booth, later known as the Countess Markievicz, who in turn was the first woman elected to the British House of Commons. However, as an Irish Nationalist, she did not take her seat.

Anna Haslam, Charlotte Trounce, Original source: Mayor of London
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Born in County Cork, Anna Haslam signed the 1866 women's suffrage petition, and went on to play an active part in the suffrage campaign. In 1876, Anna became secretary of the Dublin Women’s Suffrage Society, which used similar methods to the campaigning methods of the suffragists.

Make A Stand exhibition launch by GLA/Caroline TeoOriginal source: Mayor of London

All around the UK, women joined the suffrage movement to lobby, rally, protest and campaign for the rights we enjoy today.

Credits: Story

#BehindEveryGreatCity: celebrating the centenary of the first women winning the right to vote and tackling gender inequality in London www.london.gov.uk/behindeverygreatcity

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The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions (listed below) who have supplied the content.
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