The Myth of Nyirarucyaba and the Origin of Cows in Rwanda
Unveiling the legend that links a woman, cows, and Rwanda's identity.
Sample of smashed iron oreRwanda Cultural Heritage Academy
Cows are woven into the fabric of Rwanda's rich culture, a symbol of strength for centuries. Archaeological evidence shows they were introduced as early as the 3rd century AD.
Cows by Rwanda MuseumsRwanda Cultural Heritage Academy
The history of cows
Cows' deep importance in Rwandan life – economic, political, and social – is reflected in a myth linking their arrival to the Nyiginya dynasty, specifically Nyirarucyaba.
Digital illustration of Nyirarucyaba by Odile UweraRwanda Cultural Heritage Academy
Who was Nyirarucyaba
Nyirarucyaba, sole daughter of Rwanda's founder, Gihanga Ngomijana, is credited in myth with bringing cows to the kingdom. Uniquely, she is the only woman considered ancestor of a clan, the Abacyaba.
How Nyirarucyaba fled her home
A dispute over a hide between Nyirarucyaba's mother, Nyamususa, and her stepmother, Nyirampirangwe, turned violent. Fearing punishment for defending her mother, Nyirarucyaba fled King Gihanga's court.
In exile, Nyirarucyaba married a farmer named Kazigaba (also known as Gahu). One day, an unfamiliar animal arrived at their home, giving birth the next day. Curious, Nyirarucyaba investigated and tasted a dripping liquid.
Seeking reconciliation, Kazigaba returned to King Gihanga with Nyirarucyaba, bearing a gift – milk from an unknown animal. The ailing king, relieved after a sip, ordered his servants to retrieve these cows for Rwanda.
Iriba rya Nyirarucyaba by Rwanda MuseumsRwanda Cultural Heritage Academy
Nyirarucyaba's well
In Gakenke District, atop Mount Kabuye, lies Nyirarucyaba's Well. Dug by Nyirarucyaba herself after settling there, it provided water for both her daily needs and her herd.
Mount Kabuye by Rwanda MuseumsRwanda Cultural Heritage Academy
Mount Kabuye
Mount Kabuye in Gakenke District's Nemba sector is believed to have sheltered Nyirarucyaba and her cows. A mysterious cave said to be King Gihanga's former dwelling adds to the mountain's mystique. Towering at 2700 meters, Kabuye is Rwanda's 3rd highest non-volcanic peak.
Content development: Eric Kwizera
Curatorial layout: Chantal Umuhoza
Illustration: Odile Uwera
Photography: References
- Kagame, A. (1943). Inganji Kalinga. Brussels: Les Editions Royales Rwanda
- Pierre, C. J., & Louis, T. J. (1999). Histoire d'Afrique: Les enjeux de memoire. paris: Karthala.
- Rutinywa Rugeyo & Lode Van Pee. Pastoral evoultion and the place of the Inyambo
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