The Island of Elephanta from the Caves (late 1860s) by Samuel BourneLos Angeles County Museum of Art
Introduction
Elephanta Island, known locally as Gharapuri, is home to one of India’s most significant rock-cut cave temples. Situated 11 km from Mumbai, this UNESCO World Heritage site showcases India’s rich sculptural and religious heritage.
The island is renowned for its monumental sculptures of Lord Shiva, which date back over a thousand years. These caves are a testament to artistic brilliance and deep spiritual traditions, making them a major site of cultural significance.
Elephanta Elephant (400/499)Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Mumbai City Museum
Why the Name ‘Gharapuri’?
The island was historically called Gharapuri, meaning "city of caves." Earlier sources suggest it was Agrahara-puri, referring to a land grant (Agrahara) for religious or educational use. This hints that it was once a Brahmanical or monastic centre in ancient India.
East Lawn (2003/2008) by Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum TrustDr. Bhau Daji Lad Mumbai City Museum
Why the Name 'Gharapuri'
In the 16th century, Portuguese visiting the island discovered a large stone elephant sculpture near the shore. This led to the island being called "Elephanta", a name that became widely used in European records. The sculpture was later moved to Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum, Byculla, Mumbai.
Sancta Sanctorum at Elephanta Caves site (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Dating and Historical Attribution of the Caves
Dating the Elephanta Caves is difficult due to missing inscriptions. Scholars suggest they were carved between the 5th and 7th centuries CE, likely under the Kalachuris. Some link them to the Konkan Mauryas or Chalukyas, indicating gradual development over time.
Aerial view above Cave-1 at Elephanta Caves (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Coins Found at Elephanta and Their Location
Archaeologists have discovered coins from different dynasties on Elephanta Island, including those from the Satavahanas, Kalachuris, and Konkan Mauryas. These coins, featuring maritime symbols, suggest that Elephanta played a role in coastal trade and commerce.
Sancta Sanctorum at Elephanta Caves site (2023) by CyArkCyArk
Architectural and Artistic Marvels
The Elephanta Caves consist of seven main excavations, with the primary cave being the grandest. The central shrine, large halls, courtyards, and intricate carvings reflect the religious and artistic sensibilities of the time.
Elephanta Caves India by CyArkCyArk
Religious Importance and the Rise of Shaivism
The Elephanta Caves are a sacred site dedicated to Shiva and were likely an important religious centre for the Pāśupata sect, an early Shaivite school. The temple complex reflects deep devotion to Shiva, portraying him in different mythological forms, including: Mahadeva – The Supreme God; Ardhanarishvara – Half-male, half-female form symbolising divine balance and Gangadhara – Shiva receiving the Ganges River in his matted locks.
Bombay; Elephanta Caves (1885–1887) by Lala Deen DayalThe J. Paul Getty Museum
Sculptures and Iconography
The most iconic feature of the Elephanta Caves is the Trimūrti, a colossal three-headed sculpture of Shiva, symbolising Creation (Brahma); Preservation (Vishnu) and Destruction (Shiva-Rudra).
Elephanta Caves Panel India by CyArkCyArk
Other notable sculptures include: Ardhanarishvara – Representing the union of Shiva and Parvati; Gangadhara – Depicting Shiva controlling the descent of the Ganges and Ravana Lifting Mount Kailash – Illustrating Ravana’s failed attempt to shake Shiva’s abode. The entire cave complex is structured as a sacred mandala, reinforcing the spiritual symbolism of the site.
Brahma (Mid-6th Century CE)Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS)
Diversity of worship
While the Elephanta Caves, dedicated to Shiva, were a major religious site for the Pāśupata sect and the temple complex reflects deep Shaivite devotion, statues of Mahishasuramardini, Trivikrama and a plaque of Lajjagauri have also been found on the island, indicating that various deities were worshipped. These are now part of the CSMVS collection.
Lajjagauri (6th century CE)Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS)
Conclusion
Despite centuries of transformation, environmental factors, and human activity, the Elephanta Caves continue to inspire awe. They stand tall as one of the greatest masterpieces of Indian rock-cut art, preserving the legacy of Shaivism, mythology, and artistic excellence. Today, they remain an important pilgrimage and heritage site, drawing visitors who seek to experience their timeless beauty.
Curated by Heena Sofi
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS), Mumbai
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