First Steps
Since the late XX century to the first half of the XIX century, the Brazilian educational scenario went through a process of reforms and expansion on the schooling. In this contexto, this exhibition intends to propose, based on three themes, a reflection on the dynamics, interactions, and representations around the school space in the city of Campinas.
The government of the First Republic (1889-1930) sought a rupture with the Empire and the construction of a new national identity. The education reforms aimed to create the ideal citizen through the rationalization of school, the nationalists ideals, and the hygienist principles.
Powered by coffee and the railway industry, the city of Campinas stood out economically and politically, becoming an important urban-industrial hub between the XIX and XX centuries. In the educational sphere, after the republican reforms, the municipality began to receive federal and state initiatives, in addition to the private initiative already present since Imperial times. In this way, the number of public schools has increased, especially with school groups as a new approach to elementary education.
Schooling (1908) by José M. Ladeira and B. OctavioCentro de Memória-Unicamp
School Architecture
The School Groups had an important role in the republican education model and began to be implemented in the state of São Paulo after 1893. One of the functions of those groups was the [unification] of all schools of a region in one common and specific building. The first School Group of Campinas was opened in 1897 by the name of “Grupo Escolar Francisco Glicério” and which architecture project served as a reference for the construction of other school groups of the state of São Paulo. The architectural project was designed by Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo (1821 - 1928), an architect responsible for several public buildings in São Paulo.
1º School Group (1920) by UnidentifiedCentro de Memória-Unicamp
The architectural
language was an important tool for the dissemination of republican discourse. Under
european influence, most public buildings were built by the logic of the
eclecticism, conveying the idea of progress through the monumentality of its
size and ornamented facades. The School Group Francisco Glicério was built in this
architectural movement, with renaissance and gothic elements.
The building was constructed using wood, iron, and exposed bricks.
The position of the basement in the building, the usable space, and its leveling land function are characteristics of the eclecticism. The basement of the School Group Francisco Glicério also accommodates the iron structures of the building.
School Group in Campinas (1909) by UnidentifiedCentro de Memória-Unicamp
For the moral conception of the time, students should
be separated by gender within the school environment. For this reason, the building has two floors,
each with 4 classrooms and its own entrances, as well as a symmetrical axis
perpendicular to the facade of the grounds that made it possible to divide the
students during the break. This project organization, elaborated by Ramos de
Azevedo, was used in many School Groups projects.
Here can be seen the side entrance of the men's floor of the school group, while the women's wing entrance was on the other side of the building.
The Second School Group, called “Dr. Quirino dos Santos”, started to operate since 1900 in a building that was not fit to receive a school. Seven years later, the group was transferred to the former manor house of Maria Luiza de Sousa Aranha (1823 - 1875), Viscountess of Campinas, which was built in 1874. The adaptation of imperial buildings, which generally had quadrangular courtyards and large areas for internal circulation, was a common solution to accommodate the growing enrollment of new students and still contain expenses with new construction.
The norms of the Sanitary Code defined the necessary conditions for a building to perform its function as a school, such as the size of the classroom and the patios, the need for covered areas and clean, airy, and wooded environments. Those were established as part of the hygienic principles of the republican government.In addition to large rooms, the manor house also had six front windows on each side, as well as seventeen other side windows that provided optimal lighting and ventilation for the school.
Built in 1923 near the railway station, the Fourth School Group "Orosimbo Maia" was the result of the territorial expansion of Campinas and the idea of an economic and social restoration of the city after the yellow fever epidemic. The school received students from the families of workers in the region and was the largest school group of the city (12 classrooms in two periods).
The Colégio Progresso Campineiro was reallocated a few times until its consolidation at Júlio de Mesquita Avenue. The building, inaugurated in 1917, was planned following the neoclassical eclectic style that also composed the other buildings of the prosperous region of Frontão, now called Cambuí, the city's central neighborhood. The author of the project was Henrique Fortini, an architect-engineer, and Mario Montesanti, engineer.
Progresso School Campineiro (1936) by UnidentifiedCentro de Memória-Unicamp
The Progresso Campineiro School was founded by coffee growers in 1900 as a private middle school for women.
Progresso School Campineiro (1920) by UnidentifiedCentro de Memória-Unicamp
In its spacious grounds, the original construction had a grand and geometric characteristic, basement, orchard, and because it was a boarding school, bedrooms, and large and ventilated bathrooms.
It stands out here the old roof in three waters of rectangular plateau with crowns ornamented in arches on the sides.
In the context of the beginning of the town industrialization and the consequent need to train skilled workers, the Professional Institute Bento Quirino opened in 1918. Built in brick masonry, the building is eclectic in style and features neo-Gothic elements in the main building railings. Project authored by Ramos de Azevedo and construction under the responsibility of the Architectos Escriptorio Technico Engineers P F. Ramos de Azevedo & CA.
Front facade plan of the building of the Professional Institute Bento Quirino (1917) by Escriptorio Technico dos Engenheiros Architectos F. P Ramos de Azevedo & CACentro de Memória-Unicamp
The monumental facade of the building is marked by neoclassical references, such as the column ornament in the portico, and by neo-Renaissance, such as the lining of horizontal friezes in it.
The ground floor windows have a neo-Renaissance reference with horizontal and diagonal friezes. This technique is known as rustication.
The upper floor windows have a neo-Renaissance reference with triangular ornaments.
The windows above the portico have a neo-Renaissance reference in the arches and pillasters.
Also stand out the three wooden doors with two leaves and the eaves supported by decorated cantilevers. The elements are repeated on the facade at the back of the building. Between the doors, adjoining Doric columns.
The main building, called Edifício Escola, has two floors with classrooms of different sizes and purposes, all arranged by a central axis perpendicular to the facade, with high ceilings and large, numbered windows that allow air circulation and lighting, as well as wooden floor and ceiling lining. On the ground floor, in addition to some rooms, there is also the entrance hall, two staircases and the central hall with ceramic floors.
Professional Institute Bento Quirino (1919) by UnidentifiedCentro de Memória-Unicamp
Practical activities happened in the
Edifício das Oficinas, characterized by a traditionally factory architecture
with internal free spaces and metal structures and simple metalwork. The facade
of this building hasn’t adornments, only simple and straight lines, and is
accessed by a door with two wooden sheets. The Edifício das Oficinas also had a
usable basement, as in other projects by Ramos de Azevedo.
The Normal School, during the first half of the 19th century, had the function of training teachers to teach in School Groups. Since its formation in 1903, the school has gone through different models until it was able to build its own building in 1924. Located in the Botafogo neighborhood to meet the need to train more teachers for the city's new schools, the building had a grandiose dimension with another 30 classrooms and other administrative offices.
Normal School (1939) by Olímpicos FotoCentro de Memória-Unicamp
At the main entrance of the school, you can see the use of symbols and materials associated with progress. Respectively, the clock and the carrara marble staircases.
Designed by the architect César Marchisio, a school was built in an eclectic style and using brick masonry, its facade has neo-Renaissance elements in the form of friezes, garlands, flowers, frames, capitals, bases and pillars of the columns, and other forms.
Culto à Ciência School (1880) by UnidentifiedCentro de Memória-Unicamp
The Culto à Ciência School was founded in 1874 by farmers
and traders with ideals of the Republic as a private non-profit education. It
was the first lay school and a landmark of positivist thinking in the city.
Inaugurated in 1874, designed by engineer and contractor Guilherme Krug, the
building had two floors arranged with four classrooms on the first floor and
library, toilets, and administrative rooms on the upper floor.
Mansard windows destined for better ventilation and lighting.
Culto à Ciência School (1944) by UnidentifiedCentro de Memória-Unicamp
With the transformation into public education, the school changed its name to Ginásio de Campinas and the building was expanded. The school building underwent several renovations during the 20th century as a result of changes in teaching standards and the Health Code. Even with the changes, the first buildings remained built and characterized. It is worth mentioning that all the buildings presented are listed as cultural heritage by municipal and state bodies due to their historical and architectural value for the memory of the region.
The building was built with exposed bricks structured by a constructive technique of mansory called flamengo.
Renovations were accomplished on the building due to the increase in the number of matrices after the 1930s. it is emphasized that the result of the renovation of the roof, which received a cymbal with elements and terracotta pine cones on the corners.
Likewise was added a balcony with an iron railing, terracotta pillars, and corbels, ornaments with vases and lanterns on the facade after the renovation.
Continue your visit in:
Part 2: School Environment and Educational Experiences in Campinas
Director
André Luiz Paulilo
Associate Director
Edivaldo Góis Júnior
Coordination
João Paulo Berto
Curatorial Project
Ana Julia Bacce Kuhl
Douglas da Silva Rufino
Júlia Emanuele Barbosa
Julia Santos Souza
Ligia Cruz Ruiz
Mariana Utunomiya Artusi
Marina Cruz de Albuquerque
Pedro Emmanuel Ribeiro
Review
Ana Cláudia Cermaria Berto
Acknowledgments
Rafael Stein Pizani
Execution
Centro de Memória-UNICAMP
June, 2020
