The National Museum in Wrocław is regarded as one of the largest and most important museums in Poland. The collection numbers 200,000 artefacts representative for all the artistic disciplines, from mediaeval Silesian sculpture in stone and wood, Silesian, Polish and European painting, as well as contemporary and modernist sculpture, drawings and prints, to an extensive collection of historical artistic craftsmanship which spans the period from the Middle Ages up to the early 20th century, and finally an extensive library of books and documents.

The core of the museum collection is made up of the artefacts originating mostly from Wrocław and Lower Silesia, a large number of which came from the previous collections of the pre-war German museums. The collection also contains some works of art from the galleries in what was then Lwów, which in 1946 [following the change of borders resulting from the war] were transferred to Poland by the Soviet authorities.

The National Museum in Wrocław has three other branches: the Panorama of the Battle of Racławice, the Ethnographic Museum and the Four Domes Pavilion Museum of Contemporary Art which opened in June 2016.